• bank

  / Interest rate controls
• diplomacy

  / Islam
• Jerusalem

  / Muslims
• slavery

  / Slave-owning societies
• slavery

  / Slave occupations
• history of technology

  / Islam

• education

  / Influences on Muslim education and culture
• education

  / The Islamic revival
• Al-Azhar University
• historiography

  / Islamic historiography
• education

  / India
• library

  / The Islāmic world
• library

  / The Islāmic world
• literature

  / Scholarly research
• madrasah
• mirror for princes
• education

  / The Muslim influence
• education

  / Indonesia

• Azerbaijan

  / History
• history of Transcaucasia

  / Early history
• the Steppe

  / The expansion of Islam
• fundamentalism

  / Islamic fundamentalism
• history of Europe

  / The Mediterranean world divided
• history of Europe

  / Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

• Finno-Ugric religion

  / High gods
• Byzantine Empire

  / The successors of Heraclius: Islam and the Bulgars
• Byzantine Empire

  / Michael VIII
• Jainism

  / Jainism and Islam
• Zoroastrianism

  / Post-Islamic Iranian Zoroastrianism

Surveys

The most visionary general work on Islamic history is Marshall G.S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vol. (1974), which sets Islam into a world historical context. A similar but shorter work, sumptuously illustrated, is Francis Robinson, Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500 (1982).

Regions of Islamdom

Peter B. Clarke, West Africa and Islam: A Study of Religious Development from the 8th to the 20th Centuries (1982); Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib, 2nd ed. (1975); Clifford Geertz, Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia (1968, reissued 1971); S.M. Ikram, Muslim Rule in India and Pakistan, 711–1858 A.C., rev. ed. (1966); Raphael Israeli, Muslims in China: A Study in Cultural Confrontation (1980); and Nehemia Levtzion (ed.), Conversion to Islam (1979).

Periods and aspects of Islamicate history

Premodern Islamicate social structure is treated in Roy P. Mottahedeh, Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society (1980); Ira Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages (1967); and S.D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, 4 vol. (1967–83). Hamilton A.R. Gibb, Studies on the Civilization of Islam (1962, reissued 1982), is a collection of interpretive articles on history, historiography, literature, and philology. René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (1970; originally published in French, 1939); and John J. Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests (1971), deal with the Mongol conquests. John J. Saunders (ed.), The Muslim World on the Eve of Europe’s Expansion (1966), combines primary sources on the last three great Islamic empires; John Obert Voll, Islam, Continuity and Change in the Modern World (1982), provides an especially fine treatment of the 18th century; and Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (1962), covers intellectual trends in the Arab Middle East in the first part of the 20th century.

Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie (eds.), Women in the Muslim World (1978); Elizabeth Warnock Fernea and Basima Qattan Bezirgan (eds.), Middle Eastern Muslim Women Speak (1977, reprinted 1984); and Jane I. Smith (ed.), Women in Contemporary Muslim Societies (1980), provide excellent studies of women in Islamic societies. A sociological analysis of developments among Islamic movements since the middle of the 20th century is Olivier Roy, The Failure of Political Islam (1994). Dale Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Politics (1996), examines Islam’s sociological, political, and intellectual transformations in the 20th century. John Esposito and John Voll, Makers of Political Islam (2001), is a study of the thought and life of crucial Muslim thinkers and activists in modern times. Peter Mandaville, Transnational Muslim Politics: Reimagining the Umma (2001), is an important overview of the effects of globalization and migrations on Islam and Muslims; and Giles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (2002), analyzes the evolution of political Islam in the second half of the 20th century.

Collections of primary sources in English translation

Eric Schroeder, Muhammad’s People (1955); Arthur Jeffery (ed.), A Reader of Islam (1962, reprinted 1980); John Alden Williams (ed.), Islam (1961, reissued 1967), and Themes of Islamic Civilization (1971, reprinted 1982); William H. McNeill and Marilyn Robinson Waldman, The Islamic World (1973, reprinted 1983); James Kritzeck, Anthology of Islamic Literature (1964, reissued 1975); and Bernard Lewis (ed.), Islam: From the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople, 2 vol. (1974, reissued 1976).

Major reference works

The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 5 vol. (1913–36), and a new edition, of which 5 vol. appeared from 1960 to 1986; The Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam (1953, reprinted 1974), with articles culled from the Encyclopaedia of Islam; The Cambridge History of Islam, 2 vol. (1970, reprinted in 4 vol., 1980); Jean Sauvaget, Jean Sauvaget’s Introduction to the History of the Muslim East: A Bibliographical Guide (1965, reprinted 1982; originally published in French, 2nd ed., 1961), a dated but still useful annotated bibliographic guide; Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook, rev. ed. (1980); and Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures, 6 vol. (2003, 2005–07). Jean Jacques Waardenburg, L’Islam dans le miroir de l’Occident, 3rd rev. ed. (1970); and Edward W. Said, Orientalism (1978, reissued 1979), are critiques of Western approaches to Islam.