How were Qur'anic inscriptions used to decorate Islamic buildings?

In Islamic architecture, Qur'anic inscriptions served as a primary decorative element, used to adorn religious buildings for the edification of the faithful. These inscriptions were integrated into the structure of buildings in several ways:1

• Surface Decoration: Verses from the Qur'an were frequently inscribed on the walls of mosques and other religious structures. These could be carved directly into stone or stucco, or executed using faience tiles.1
• Architectural Integration: Inscriptions were often placed around domes or along walls, where they functioned as a central decorative feature. Skilled penmen were typically employed to design these monumental inscriptions to ensure they harmonized with the building's overall aesthetic.21
• Material Variety: Beyond stone and stucco, calligraphy was incorporated through various media, including mosaics and metalwork, often appearing in conjunction with other decorative elements like geometric patterns or arabesque designs.123

By utilizing the word of God as a visual medium, these inscriptions transformed architectural spaces into environments that reflected divine beauty, reinforcing the religious purpose of the buildings.2