How has media convergence affected traditional advertising-based media business models?

Media convergence has fundamentally disrupted traditional advertising-based business models by uncoupling content from the specific platforms—such as newspapers, radio, or television—that once defined them.12

Historically, media companies operated within distinct "silos," where advertising revenue was tied to the distribution of content through a single, predictable medium. The digitization of content and the rise of the Internet have eroded these boundaries, allowing content to be accessed across a variety of digital devices.23

This shift has forced media organizations to evolve into cross-media portals. Rather than relying on a single delivery method, they now provide content in multiple formats—including text, video, and podcasts—to reach audiences in a fragmented digital environment. Furthermore, the rise of technology firms like Google and Apple as major distributors of news and entertainment has challenged the traditional dominance of legacy media companies, complicating how these organizations capture advertising value in an age where users increasingly control their own media consumption and distribution.31