How does democracy differ from oligarchy?

The primary distinction between democracy and oligarchy lies in the source and distribution of political power. Democracy is a system of government where laws, policies, and leadership are decided—directly or indirectly—by the people, typically through mechanisms like voting and representation. In contrast, an oligarchy is defined as government by the few, where power is exercised by a small, privileged group, often for selfish or corrupt purposes.123

Key differences include:

• Source of Authority: In a democracy, sovereignty rests with the citizenry, and officials are accountable to the electorate. In an oligarchy, power is concentrated within a narrow elite—often defined by wealth, social status, or kinship—who operate independently of the broader population.13
• Inclusivity: Democratic systems are designed to allow for public participation and regular, effective challenges to those in power. Oligarchies, however, are characterized by the exclusion of the majority from meaningful decision-making.3
• Institutional Dynamics: While some political scientists argue that even democratic parties exhibit "oligarchical tendencies" due to the necessity of centralized leadership, these systems remain distinct because they allow for open competition and regular turnover of power, unlike the rigid control typical of true oligarchies.34