How do Afro-Asiatic languages modify verbs to show causative action?

In Afro-Asiatic languages, verbs are modified to indicate causative action—meaning the subject causes an act to be performed or a condition to come into being—through the use of derivational extensions.12

These modifications typically involve the following mechanisms:

• Derivative Affixes: Languages within the phylum often use specific affixes to mark causative derivation. A widely recognized element is the extension -š* or -s*, which is added to the verb stem to indicate that the action is causative or transitive.234
• Root Modification and Reduplication: Beyond simple affixation, Afro-Asiatic languages may employ root modification (using infixes) and partial or complete reduplication of the verb stem to express various qualities of action, including the causative.23
• Combination of Markers: These derivational markers can be combined with other extensions, such as those for reflexive or reciprocal actions, to create more complex verbal meanings.234

For example, in Proto-Semitic, the causative form of a root is often identified by the "S-stirps," where the causative is marked by an affixed consonant (e.g., -ša-p(a)ris* derived from the root -p-r-s- 'to divide'). Similarly, in Omotic languages, the suffix -s is used to create causative forms, which can further combine with other markers to indicate nuances like politeness.24