How do Afro-Asiatic languages mark masculine and feminine gender?

Afro-Asiatic languages typically distinguish between masculine and feminine genders in nouns and pronouns, though this distinction has been lost in some Chadic and Omotic subdivisions.1

Gender is marked through a variety of elements, often used as demonstratives, articles, or affixes. Common markers include:
* Masculine: Elements such as n, k, and u or w.1
* Feminine: The marker t is a widespread feature of the phylum, alongside i.21

In Semitic languages, a secondary feminine stem is often formed by adding the suffix -(a)t to a nominal or adjectival stem. These gender markers also appear in verb conjugation to indicate the subject's gender. For example, the third-person singular feminine is frequently marked with the prefix ta- or ti-, or the suffix -at or -t, across various branches including Amazigh, Chadic, Cushitic, and Semitic.31

Additionally, some languages exhibit "gender polarity," where a noun's gender changes when moving from singular to plural, while others use "gender stability," where words for common concepts share the same gender across the phylum regardless of their etymological origins.1