How did the Scythians use mobility and hit-and-run attacks against Darius I of Persia?

In 512 BCE, the Persian king Darius I led a massive military campaign against the Scythians north of the Danube River. Despite commanding what was arguably the world's most powerful army at the time, Darius was ultimately forced to retreat, unable to secure a decisive victory against the nomadic forces.12

The Scythians successfully utilized their legendary horsemanship and extreme mobility to employ hit-and-run tactics that frustrated the Persian war machine. By refusing to engage in a traditional, large-scale set-piece battle where the Persians’ superior numbers and organization would have held the advantage, the Scythians effectively neutralized the threat. Instead, they relied on their ability to strike quickly and withdraw before the Persians could retaliate, wearing down the invading forces through constant harassment and evasion. This strategic use of mobility allowed the Scythians to protect their lands and eventually compel Darius to abandon his campaign and withdraw his troops.23