How did Turkish and European languages influence Modern Persian vocabulary?

Modern Persian has historically incorporated a significant number of loanwords from various languages, reflecting centuries of cultural and political interaction. While the most substantial foreign influence on Persian vocabulary is Arabic—which accounts for approximately 40 to 50 percent of the modern lexicon—the language has also borrowed extensively from other sources.1

In later periods, Modern Persian integrated a wide range of vocabulary from Turkish and various European languages. This process of linguistic exchange was often bidirectional; for instance, while Persian adopted Turkish terms, Persian itself exerted a considerable influence on the Turkic dialects spoken in Iran and Afghanistan.12

The integration of European vocabulary into Persian has become increasingly prominent in modern times, reflecting the globalized nature of contemporary communication and technology. These borrowings are part of the ongoing evolution of the Iranian languages, which have consistently adapted through contact with neighboring and international linguistic groups.12