How did English loanwords enter modern Indo-Aryan languages?

English loanwords have entered modern Indo-Aryan languages primarily through the historical and ongoing influence of the English language in the Indian subcontinent, a process that began during the period of British rule.12

The integration of these loanwords occurs through several mechanisms:

• Direct Assimilation: Many English terms have become fully integrated into the lexicon of Indo-Aryan languages. Common examples include names for conveyances (e.g., rel-gaṛi for railroad-train), professions (e.g., injinīr for engineer, jaj for judge), and educational administration (e.g., kalaj for college).13
• Hybridization: Indo-Aryan languages often combine English base words with indigenous prefixes or suffixes to create new terms. For example, the suffix -i is added to English roots to form words like kaungresi (Congress + i) or vaiscansalari (vice-chancellor + i).3
• Complex Verbs: In spoken usage, English-based complex verbs are frequently employed by pairing an English verb with an indigenous auxiliary verb, such as study karna (to study) or plead karna (to plead).3
• Technical Usage: English remains a primary source for technical and administrative vocabulary, and it is common for these terms to be used liberally in conversations regarding technical subjects.1