How did Arabic and Latin philosophers develop logic during the Middle Ages?

During the Middle Ages, logic evolved through the preservation and expansion of Aristotelian thought by both Arabic and Latin scholars.1

Arabic Logic

Arabic logical study flourished from the 9th to the 16th century, primarily building upon Aristotle’s works. Early efforts in the 9th-century Baghdad school focused on commentaries, but later thinkers introduced significant innovations. Avicenna (980–1037) shifted away from mere commentary to produce independent treatises, developing original theories on quantification and "temporally modalized" syllogisms. While Averroës later revived the tradition of Aristotelian commentary in Spain, al-Ghazālī was instrumental in establishing logic as a valuable tool for theology in the Islamic world.23

Latin Logic

Latin logic relied heavily on the early translations and commentaries of Boethius, which served as the foundation for European understanding. By the 14th century, Latin logic reached a sophisticated stage, with scholars like Jean Buridan and Pierre d’Ailly exploring complex semantic issues, including the liar paradox. The period also saw the compilation of logical textbooks, such as the Libelli sophistarum, and the influential work of Paul of Venice, whose writings helped bridge English and Italian logical traditions.145