Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals

Immanuel Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) is a foundational text in ethics that explores the principles of morality. Kant argues that moral actions are those performed out of duty, not desire. He introduces the concept of the categorical imperative, a universal moral law that applies to all rational beings unconditionally.

Kant formulates the categorical imperative in two main ways:
* "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." This emphasizes the rationality and universality of moral rules.
* "So act as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in another, always as an end and never as only a means." This highlights the inherent dignity and worth of all individuals.

Kant distinguishes these from hypothetical imperatives, which are conditional on personal desires or goals. The Critique of Practical Reason (1788) further develops these ethical doctrines.12345