Elements of Human Physiology

Albrecht von Haller, a Swiss biologist, is recognized as the father of experimental physiology. His seminal work, Elementa Physiologiae Corporis Humani (1757–66), was a landmark in medical history, characterized by exhaustive biological experimentation. Haller's research established that irritability is a specific property of muscle and sensibility is a specific property of nerves, laying the groundwork for modern neurology.1

Physiology, as a distinct discipline, began to develop in the 19th century, moving beyond anatomy to focus on function. Key figures like Claude Bernard in France and Johannes Müller in Germany were instrumental in establishing experimental methods and theoretical frameworks. The field now encompasses studies at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels, comparing various animals and even microorganisms to understand the fundamental principles of life.234