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El fondo del vaso (1962), translated as "The Bottom of the Glass," is a novel by Spanish writer Francisco Ayala. It is described as a pessimistic and satirical work that explores themes of the collapse of moral order and the hopelessness of human relations within society.1

Ayala, a novelist and sociologist, often examined the abuse of power and its moral consequences in his literary works. El fondo del vaso is considered one of his two major novels that delve into these complex societal issues.1

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  1. Francisco Ayala
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