Early Intermediate period

The Early Intermediate Period in Andean history, following the Early Horizon, marked a decline in the influence of Chavín culture. This era saw significant artistic and technological advancements in various coastal and highland centers.123

On the northern coast, the Moche culture flourished, known for its detailed pottery depicting realistic scenes of daily life, though agricultural processes are not well-represented. They constructed adobe pyramids, such as the Huaca del Sol, and fortified structures, indicating a hierarchical society possibly driven by advanced irrigation systems.2

In the south, the Nazca culture developed distinct pottery styles, characterized by slip painting before firing. Their art featured stylized life forms and mythical figures, with an increase in trophy-head representations. Nazca sites included ceremonial centers with adobe pyramids and fortified settlements, suggesting a growing concern with warfare.3