De predestinatione Dei et libero arbitrio

The work De predestinatione Dei et libero arbitrio ("On God's Predestination and Free Will") was written by Hincmar of Reims, an influential 9th-century archbishop, canon lawyer, and theologian. This treatise addressed the theological doctrine of predestination, which concerns whether God has eternally chosen who will be saved.12

Hincmar's work was a response to the teachings of Gottschalk of Orbais, a monk who believed Christ's salvation was limited to the elect. Hincmar argued that God could not predestine the wicked to hell, as this would make God the author of sin. The debate centered on reconciling divine foreknowledge and predestination with human free will and the concept of moral responsibility.314