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Canada is a constitutional monarchy and an independent federal state. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom is the titular head of state, represented in Canada by a governor-general. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a self-governing dominion. The federal government's legislative authority rests with Parliament, composed of the Crown, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Executive power is held by the Crown, exercised by the governor-general, prime minister, and Cabinet. The House of Commons, with 338 elected members, is the more powerful chamber, while the Senate has 105 appointed members. Provincial governments mirror the federal structure, with a lieutenant governor representing the Crown and a premier leading the provincial executive.12

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