Convention of Kütahya

The Convention of Kütahya, signed in 1833, was an agreement that awarded the Ottoman Empire's Syrian provinces and Adana to Muhammad Ali, the viceroy of Egypt. This convention was not satisfactory to either party, leading to renewed conflict. The Ottoman army was defeated by Egyptian forces at the Battle of Nizip in 1839, and their fleet surrendered. The Ottoman Empire was only spared further collapse due to the intervention of Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. This intervention ultimately forced the Egyptians to evacuate Syria in 1840, and Muhammad Ali was appointed hereditary governor of Egypt in 1841. The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, signed in the same year as the Convention of Kütahya, established a defensive alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, making the Ottoman Empire a virtual protectorate of Russia.12