Candide

Candide, satirical novel published in 1759 that is the best-known work by Voltaire. It is a savage denunciation of metaphysical optimism—as espoused by the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz—that reveals a world of horrors and folly.

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Voltaire’s Candide, published when the author was 65 and condemned by numerous clerical and political authorities across Europe, was influenced by various atrocities of the mid-18th century, most notably the devastating Lisbon earthquake of 1755, the outbreak of the horrific Seven Years’ War in the German states, and the unjust execution of the English Admiral John Byng. This philosophical tale is often hailed as a paradigmatic text of the Enlightenment, but it is also an ironic attack on the optimistic beliefs of the Enlightenment. Voltaire’s critique is directed at Leibniz’s principle of sufficient reason, which maintains that nothing can be so without there being a reason why it is so. The consequence of this principle is the belief that the actual world must be the best one humanly possible.

At the opening of the novel, its eponymous hero, the young and naive Candide, whose very name bespeaks innocence, is being schooled in this optimistic philosophy by his tutor Pangloss, who claims that "all is for the best in this best of all possible worlds." It is not, Candide discovers on being ejected from the magnificent castle in which he is raised after an illicit relationship with the daughter of a Westphalian baron is exposed. Press-ganged, improbably, into the Bulgarian army, Candide deserts to Holland—then a bastion of religious liberty in a time of religious conflict—and attempts unsuccessfully to fade into the background. The rest of the novel details the multiple hardships and disasters that Candide and his various companions meet in their travels. These include war, rape, theft, hanging, shipwrecks, earthquakes, cannibalism, and slavery. Although these experiences gradually erode Candide’s optimistic belief, he and his companions display an instinct for survival that gives them hope in an otherwise sombre setting. When they all retire together to a simple life on a small farm, they discover that the secret of happiness is "to cultivate one’s garden," a practical philosophy that excludes excessive idealism and nebulous metaphysics.

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In the place of the idea that this is the best of all possible worlds, Voltaire believed that the world was governed by chaotic, perhaps malevolent, and certainly blind forces: in his view the idea of a just God, for instance, was obviously absurd in the face of that catastrophic Lisbon earthquake, which killed 60,000 people in that city alone. Throughout the novel Voltaire mercilessly lampoons science, philosophy, religion, government, and literature; along the way, he delights in parodying the then-popular genre of accounts of travel to exotic places, taking it to extremes with Candide’s visits to South American cannibals and the mythical kingdom of El Dorado, where he acquires fantastic wealth. At the same time, insisting that it is up to each reader to “cultivate our garden,” Voltaire sounds a call for individual liberty and resistance to tyranny, religious, political, or social, making him a man of the Enlightenment indeed. A caustic and comic satire of the social ills of its day, Candide’s reflections remain as pertinent now as ever.