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Jose Saramago, wearing glasses and a dark suit, sits with his hands clasped and smiles at an event in Madrid.
José Saramago, 2001

Cain

novel by Saramago
Written by
Reg Grant
Reg Grant is a freelance writer who has published more than twenty books on cultural and historical subjects.
Reg Grant
Fact-checked by
Britannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....
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History

Cain, novel by José Saramago, published in 2009.

This final work of Portuguese Nobel laureate JosĂ© Saramago, an avowed Marxist and atheist, takes as its hero the fratricidal Cain and as its villain the god of the Old Testament, who is violent and decidedly unjust. After killing his brother Abel, Cain is condemned to be a wanderer in time as well as space, a convention that allows the author to transport him to the scene of a series of biblical stories from the sacrifice of Isaac and the building of the Tower of Babel to the destruction of Sodom and Noah’s Ark. Cain at time strays outside the Bible, notably in a passionate liaison with the dangerous, man-devouring Lilith—a strikingly positive depiction of a woman of power and lust. Yet the majority of the book is a retelling of familiar tales, given a fresh twist by Cain’s and the author’s acidic commentary on God’s cruelty, petulance, self-satisfaction, and irrationality: “The history of mankind is the history of our misunderstandings with god, for he doesn’t understand us, and we don’t understand him.”

Despite unconventional typography—dialogue is presented in solid paragraphs without quotation marks—Cain is an easy and amusing read, sprinkled with aphorisms and colloquial asides. Darkly visible through the lucid simplicity of its storytelling, however, is a complex and bitter view of the human condition. For Saramago, whose fiction often makes use of parable, God stands for the human tyrants who render life on earth a torment. Cain’s revolt against God is a rebellion against all the injustices of the world. Eventually, Cain returns to killing in a rage against God’s vileness. Says Cain, “I have learned . . . that our god, the creator of heaven and earth, is completely mad.” Despite this bleak conclusion, a luminous warmth toward ordinary human beings balances the author’s hatred of their oppressors.

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