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Aztec manuscript illustration showing figures in elaborate costumes dancing in a circle, with two larger deities, Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl, at the center, from Codex Borbonicus. Stone ruins of the Aztec city-state Tlatelolco stand in the foreground, with the Church of Santiago de Tlatelolco and modern buildings visible in the background.
Examine the history of Mexico City, from the Aztecs to the conquistadores
Stone statue of the Aztec earth goddess Coatlicue, featuring a skirt of intertwined snakes and clawed feet, displayed at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. Two aged manuscript pages from Bernardino de Sahagun's Siguense veynte y seis addiciones desta Postilla, with handwritten Spanish text and visible stains on the paper. Aztec Ruins National Monument Illustrated page from the Mendoza Codex showing Aztec boys and girls engaged in daily activities and education, with handwritten Nahuatl text and colorful drawings divided into horizontal sections. engraving of an Aztec with cocoa beans and chocolate beverage Aztec sacrifice Illustration of Aztec warriors, wearing traditional armor and shields, defending the temple of Tenochtitlan with drums, weapons, and banners, at the base and top of a stepped pyramid.
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Aztec summary
Aztec manuscript illustration showing figures in elaborate costumes dancing in a circle, with two larger deities, Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl, at the center, from Codex Borbonicus.
Aztec Empire Timeline
Montezuma II
Key People of the Aztec Empire
Illustration of Hernan Cortes, dressed in red and white, meeting Aztec Emperor Montezuma II, who wears elaborate gold and feathered attire, inside a richly decorated room.
Decline of the Aztec Empire
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Chichen Itza. Chichen Itza and the Wall of Skulls (Tzompantli). Ruined ancient Mayan city of Chichen Itza located in southeastern Mexico. UNESCO World Heritage site.
Exploring Latin American History
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Examine the history of Mexico City, from the Aztecs to the conquistadores
Learn about the history of Tenochtitlán, forerunner of Mexico City.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Aztec: Tenochtitlán
The Aztec built their capital of Tenochtitlán on islands in Lake Texcoco. Spanish...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Images

Aztec round dance
Aztec round dance for Quetzalcóatl and Xolotl (a dog-headed god who is Quetzalcóatl's...
Courtesy of the Newberry Library, Chicago
Tlatelolco
Aztec ruins of the former city-state of Tlatelolco (foreground) and the Church of...
© Noradoa/stock.adobe.com
Aztec earth goddess
Coatlicue, stone sculpture; in the National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City.
© Andreas Wolochow/Shutterstock.com
Conversion and preservation
“Siguense veynte y seis addiciones desta postilla” (1560–79; “A Sequence of Twenty-six...
The Newberry Library, Gift of Edward E. Ayer, 1911 (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
Aztec Ruins National Monument
Aztec Ruins National Monument, near Farmington, New Mexico.
Lorax
Codex Mendoza
Page from the Codex Mendoza (begun 1541) depicting Aztec education of boys and girls.
© Photos.com/Getty Images
engraving of an Aztec with cocoa beans and chocolate beverage
“American with his chocolate pot and goblet,” an engraving of an Aztec with cocoa...
From Traitez Nouveaux and curieux du cafe du the et du chocolate, by Philippe Sylvestre Dufour, 1685.
Aztec sacrifice
Aztec priest performing a sacrificial offering of a living human heart to the war...
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZC4-743)
temple of Tenochtitlán
Aztec warriors defending the temple of Tenochtitlán.
© Photos.com/Getty Images
Cortés and his men retreating from Tenochtitlán
Hernán Cortés and his men retreating from Tenochtitlán, undated illustration.
© Photos.com/Jupiterimages
Great City of Tenochtitlán
Detail from Mexican artist Diego Rivera's mural Great City of Tenochtitlán...
© El Comandante (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Hernán Cortés meeting Montezuma II
Hernán Cortés (left) meeting Montezuma II, undated illustration.
© Photos.com/Getty Images
Montezuma in the Codex Tovar
A late 16th-century illustration from the Codex Tovar depicts the Aztec emperor Montezuma...
Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library (CC BY 4.0); cropped from the original
Montezuma II
Montezuma II being held captive by Hernán Cortés's men.
Photos.com/Thinkstock
Aztec
A page from the Codex Mendoza (begun 1541) depicting Aztec warriors armed...
Heritage Image Partnership/Alamy
smallpox
Smallpox was introduced to Mexico by the Spanish, and the disease spread through...
© Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com
The fall of Tenochtitlán
Painting depicting the Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlán in 1521. After a 93-day siege,...
© Heritage Pictures/Dreamstime.com
Aztec: Stone of the Sun
The face of the Aztec sun god, Tonatiuh, appears at the center of this Aztec calendar...
© jejim/Shutterstock.com
Hernán Cortés
A painting depicts Hernán Cortés kneeling before Montezuma II.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZC4-741)
Marina, or Malinche
An illustration from the 16th-century manuscript known as the Durán Codex depicts...
Album/Alamy
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