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Arabization is the process of adopting Arabic customs, language, or outlook. This can involve modifying a population through intermarriage with Arabs or the spread of Arabic culture and language across conquered territories. Historically, the Arabization of areas conquered by Muslim armies also led to a significant Hellenization of Islamic culture.12

The Arabic language itself, a well-preserved Semitic language, has a rich literary tradition, with its written form remaining remarkably consistent over centuries due to its association with the Qurʾān. However, spoken Arabic exhibits considerable diversity across vast geographical regions. In the 20th century, Arabic literature saw a shift influenced by European literary traditions, with a growing emphasis on individual expression and nationalist sentiments. This period also saw a move towards literature that served social and political purposes, reflecting a strong connection between politics, literature, and criticism.34

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