Age of Greatness

The Age of Greatness in Swedish history, spanning roughly from the early Vasa kings through the 17th century, was a period where Sweden transformed into an aggressive great power. This era was characterized by a strong monarchy and a developing economy, with mining as a key industry.123

A significant aspect of this period was continuous warfare, which profoundly impacted Swedish society. The nobility gained considerable land and power, seeking to establish a feudal structure similar to what they observed in annexed territories. However, this was eventually curtailed in the 1680s, leading to a consolidation of royal power and a system where public property income supported state servants and military personnel. This period, known as Carolingian absolutism under Charles XI, involved constant preparation for war due to the precariousness of Swedish holdings in the Baltic.13

Economically, while agriculture was primary, Sweden also exploited its natural resources, particularly timber for shipbuilding and mining for copper and iron exports. Despite industrial output, foreign merchants largely controlled trade, and an independent bourgeoisie had limited room to grow. Swedish farmers remained free, unlike in many other European countries, and the peasants formed a distinct estate in the Diet.2