African Americans: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- African American folktale
- Apollo Theater
- comic stripWomen and minorities: from minor characters to creators
- tap danceVaudeville
- Western danceExternal and internal influences
- Black horror
- Tar-Baby
- folk literatureRegional and ethnic manifestations
- FreaknikInception
- Native American danceForeign influences
- Native American artRegional style: West Indies
- stepping
- Black theater
- United StatesPopular music
- blues
- Decca RecordsShaking, Rattling, and Rolling
- funk
- gangsta rap
- gospel musicBlack gospel music
- hip-hopOrigins and the old school
- Independent record labels and producers
- popular artPopular music
- Motown
- percussion instrumentThe Americas
- race records
- reggaeInfluence on dancehall, hip-hop, and reggaeton
- Al Benson
- Jack the Rapper
- Rock and television
- soul music
- spiritual
- ChristianityJoy in human existence
- ChristianityNew liturgical forms and antiliturgical attitudes
- Amsterdam News
- Mary McLeod Bethune
- Guion Bluford
- Congress of Racial Equality
- Martin Delany
- E. Franklin Frazier
- Golden Thirteen
- George Moses Horton
- Martin Luther King, Jr.
- Joe Louis
- Oscar Micheaux
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
- National Urban League
- Huey P. Newton
- A. Philip Randolph
- Charlotte E. Ray
- Eleanor Roosevelt
- Bayard Rustin
- Amanda Smith
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference
- Laura Matilda Towne
- Carl Van Vechten
- Booker T. Washington
- George Washington Williams
- Ellen Wilson
- Carter G. Woodson
- educationExpansion of American education
- Alabama State University
- Alcorn State University
- American Missionary Association
- Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University
- Grambling State University
- Morgan State University
- Morehouse College
- Spelman College
- Tuskegee University
- Virginia State University
- Wilberforce University
- African Americans and Horse Racing
- African Meeting House
- American civil rights movement
- American Civil WarAfrican American troops
- Remembering the American Civil War
- AtlantaHistory
- Rhode Island
- Black Codes
- Black Panther Party
- Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
- buffalo soldier
- Civil Rights Cases
- civil rightsThe American civil rights movement
- debt slavery
- debt slavery
- DelawareConstitutional framework
- Detroit Riot of 1967
- East Saint Louis Race Riot of 1917
- Fort Pillow Massacre
- Fourteenth Amendment
- freedman
- Freedman’s Bank
- Freedmen’s Bureau
- Great DepressionPortrayals of hope
- Great Migration
- Homestead Act of 1862
- IndianaStatehood
- Jim Crow law
- Ku Klux KlanThe original Ku Klux Klan
- Union
- lynching in the United StatesLynching in the South
- Mississippi River flood of 1927
- United StatesThe people
- Operation Breadbasket
- the South
- raceThe history of the idea of race
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- Executive Order 9981
- ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction
- ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction
- ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction
- ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction
- United StatesJohnson’s policy
- United StatesThe era of conservative domination, 1877–90
- Seminole
- Yamasee War
- sundown town
- Tuskegee Airmen
- United StatesSocial consequences of the war
- War on Drugs
- Watts Riots of 1965
- affirmative action
- Atlanta race riot of 1906
- cultural appropriation
- debutante
- dreadlocks
- feminismThe race factor
- United StatesAfrican Americans
- Hispanics in the United StatesThe U.S. Census of 2000
- homelessnessHomelessness in the United States
- industrial relationsDemographic changes
- Kwanzaa
- Maulana KarengaUS and Kwanzaa
- Lost Cause
- Medical Committee for Human Rights
- United StatesThe Ferguson police shooting, the death of Freddie Gray, and the Charleston church shooting
- United StatesThe killing of George Floyd and nationwide racial injustice protests
- police brutality in the United StatesAfrican Americans and police brutality
- political machine
- raceScientific classifications of race
- raceRace and the reality of human physical variation
- Gunnar Myrdal
- Song of the South
- Melville J. Herskovits
- Tuskegee syphilis study
- Presidential Apology for the Study at Tuskegee
- United States presidential election of 1968Background
- democracySuffrage
- United StatesJim Crow legislation
- Voting Rights Act
- voter suppression
- voting rights
- zoot suit
- OntarioPopulation composition
- GuyanaBritish rule
- LiberiaEthnic groups and languages
- VenezuelaThe colonial era
- AlabamaThe antebellum period
- CaliforniaPopulation composition
- Los AngelesPeople
- ChicagoPeople of Chicago
- ChicagoDecline and confrontation
- ClevelandHistory
- ColumbusHistory
- ConnecticutPopulation composition
- DelawareDemographic trends
- DetroitThe people and economy
- FloridaPopulation composition
- GeorgiaPopulation composition
- IllinoisPopulation composition
- IndianaPopulation composition
- IowaPopulation composition
- Kansas CityHistory
- KentuckyPopulation composition
- Las VegasPeople
- LouisianaDemographic trends
- MarylandPopulation composition
- MichiganPopulation composition
- MichiganConstitutional framework
- MilwaukeeHistory
- MinneapolisHistory
- MississippiPopulation composition
- NebraskaPopulation composition
- NebraskaNebraska since World War II
- New OrleansPeople
- New York CityInternal migration
- New YorkPopulation composition
- NewarkHistory
- OaklandHistory
- Oklahoma CityHistory
- OmahaHistory
- PhiladelphiaThe people of Philadelphia
- St. LouisHistory
- San FranciscoPeople of San Francisco
- SeattlePeople
- South CarolinaPopulation composition
- TennesseePopulation composition
- VirginiaPopulation composition
- Washington, D.C.Adams-Morgan and beyond
- Washington, D.C.Capitol Hill
- Washington, D.C.Capitol Hill
- Washington, D.C.Southwest
- Washington, D.C.People of Washington, D.C.
- Washington, D.C.People of Washington, D.C.
- Washington, D.C.The District
- West VirginiaPopulation composition
- WichitaHistory
- sportsRace, ethnicity, and sports
- boxingEconomic impetus
- American footballThe racial transformation of American football
- Kentucky DerbyHistory
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Hollis Lynch
-
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Other Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Media added. | Sep 23, 2025 | ||
| Added cross-reference to Rodney King; changed display image. | Sep 03, 2025 | ||
| Added cross-reference to Today show; added top questions; added reference to Percival Everett in the Literature section. | May 07, 2025 | ||
| Media added. | Feb 07, 2025 | ||
| Media added. | Jun 26, 2024 | ||
| Updated outdated language and revised media captions. | May 30, 2024 | ||
| Modified link of Web site: Minority Rights Group - African Americans in the United States of America. | May 07, 2024 | ||
| Cross-reference added. | Oct 25, 2023 | ||
| Media added. | Aug 23, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Minority Rights Group - African Americans in the United States of America. | Aug 26, 2022 | ||
| Replaced photographs. | Sep 09, 2021 | ||
| Add new Web site: PBS - Sharecropping - Slavery By Another Name. | Aug 17, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: PBS - Finding Your Roots - Michael Strahan. | Aug 17, 2020 | ||
| In the discussion of the Watts Riots, changed “July 1965” to “August 1965.” Terminology throughout article also changed to reflect current editorial standards. | Aug 14, 2020 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Dec 27, 2017 | ||
| Media added. | Jul 14, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Smithsonian Channel - To Shatter the Foundations of White Supremacy. | Feb 16, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Smithsonian Channel - The Tuskegee Red-Tail Angels. | Feb 16, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Smithsonian Channel - Where Rosa Parks Inspired a Nation. | Feb 16, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Smithsonian Channel - The First Female African American Pilot. | Feb 16, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: PBS LearningMedia - Rosa Parks. | Feb 15, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Constitutional Rights Foundation - An Overview of the African-American Experience. | Oct 25, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of South Florida Tampa Library - Libraries Online Exhibitions - The History of Minstrelsy - African American Minstrel Performers. | Oct 17, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Ohio History Central - African Americans. | Jun 29, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Constitutional Rights Foundation - An Overview of the African-American Experience. | Jun 28, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: BlackPast - African American History Timeline. | Jun 28, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - African-American. | Sep 26, 2013 | ||
| Media added. | Jun 27, 2013 | ||
| Media added. | May 02, 2013 | ||
| Removed duplicate image. | Feb 08, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: The New York Public Library Digital Library Collections - African American Women Writers of the 19th Century. | Jan 14, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: The New York Public Library Digital Library Collections - African American Women Writers of the 19th Century. | Jan 14, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of DuSable Museum of African American History. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: African American History Archive - The History Makers. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: African American History Archive - The History Makers. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of DuSable Museum of African American History. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the King Center. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the King Center. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the National Bar Association. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the National Bar Association. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the African American Review. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the African American Review. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of African American History and Culture. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of African American History and Culture. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Field Museum - George Washington Carver. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Field Museum - George Washington Carver. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: New York Historical Society - Slavery in New York. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: New York Historical Society - Slavery in New York. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Detroit Institute of Arts - The General Motors Center for African American Art. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Detroit Institute of Arts - The General Motors Center for African American Art. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the The International Civil Rights Center & Museum. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the The International Civil Rights Center & Museum. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the Stax Museum of American Soul Music. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the Stax Museum of American Soul Music. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the Memphis Rock 'n' Soul Museum - Memphis, TN. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the Memphis Rock 'n' Soul Museum - Memphis, TN. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Underground Railroad - Freedom Center. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Underground Railroad - Freedom Center. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: In Motion - The African-American Migration Experience. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: In Motion - The African-American Migration Experience. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide - An Ongoing Project - The Harlem Renaissance, 1919-1937. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide - An Ongoing Project - The Harlem Renaissance, 1919-1937. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Duke University Libraries - Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Special Collections Library- African American Women. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Duke University Libraries - Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Special Collections Library- African American Women. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Harry S. Truman Libray & Museum - Desegregation of the Armed Forces. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Harry S. Truman Libray & Museum - Desegregation of the Armed Forces. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Site of the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. | Jan 04, 2011 | ||
| Deleted photograph. | Mar 25, 2010 | ||
| Added information to contributor biography. | Oct 23, 2009 | ||
| Photo of workers during the Great Depression added. | Oct 20, 2009 | ||
| New article added. | Oct 16, 2009 |
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