A General Theory of Crime

work by Hirschi and Gottfredson

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June 23, 2026

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A General Theory of Crime, by Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi, posits that crime is a result of low self-control combined with opportunity. This theory suggests that an individual's level of self-control is established by age eight and is heavily influenced by parenting practices. Low self-control is characterized by impulsivity, risk-taking, and a focus on short-term gratification.12

The theory argues that ineffective child-rearing, marked by neglect or abuse, leads to low self-control, making individuals more prone to criminal behavior when opportunities arise. Conversely, consistent discipline and supervision foster higher self-control, reducing the likelihood of criminal acts. While criticized, this theory has been influential in criminology.1

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Travis Hirschi
Gottfredson resulted in A General Theory of Crime (1990), which defined crime as “acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self-interest.” Arguing that all crime can be explained as a combination of criminal opportunity and low self-control, Gottfredson and Hirschi hypothesized that a child’s level of…
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Gottfredson resulted in A General Theory of Crime (1990), which defined crime as “acts of force or fraud undertaken in pursuit of self-interest.” Arguing that all crime can be explained as a combination of criminal opportunity and low self-control, Gottfredson and Hirschi hypothesized that a child’s level of…
Read More