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Synthetic oxygen carriers are substances that can transport and deliver oxygen to tissues. They include perfluorocarbons and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. These have been explored as blood substitutes for emergency transfusions. Athletes have also used them to enhance performance, though this carries risks of adverse cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke.1

Oxygen itself is a nonmetallic element essential for life, involved in respiration and combustion. It is abundant in Earth's crust and atmosphere.2

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2 Britannica Sources
  1. oxygen
  2. blood doping

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