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The suspension system in vehicles consists of elastic members that cushion the impact of road irregularities. These members connect the vehicle's tires to its suspended portion and typically include springs and shock absorbers.1

Spring elements, such as leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, rubber-in-shear devices, and air springs, absorb the energy from impacts. Shock absorbers then dampen or dissipate this energy, usually through hydraulics, to prevent the vehicle from bouncing excessively.1

Independent suspension systems allow wheels to move separately, reducing unsprung weight and enabling softer springs for a more comfortable ride and better handling.2

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