surface printing

Surface printing is a category of printmaking techniques where the image is transferred from a flat surface. This contrasts with intaglio printing, where the image is printed from below the surface, and relief printing, where the image stands in relief.123

Surface printing is further divided into two main types:
* Planographic: This category includes methods like lithography, where the printing surface is flat and the image is controlled through chemical treatments.4
* Stencil methods: Techniques such as silk screen printing (also known as serigraphy) involve printing ink through a stencil onto the paper.4

While primarily used for commercial reproduction, artists also utilize these methods for fine art. Merriam-Webster also defines surface printing as synonymous with letterpress or planography.145