railroad track

Railroad track, also known as the roadway, consists of rails, sleepers (crossties), and ballast. Modern rails are typically T-shaped and made of steel, designed to minimize stress and wear. They are often welded into long lengths for smoother rides and easier maintenance.12

Sleepers, historically made of timber, are now also commonly made from steel or concrete, especially when paired with long welded rails for a very stable track. The ballast, usually crushed rock or similar material, forms the foundation for the sleepers and rails, and proper drainage is crucial. The gauge, or distance between rails, is standardized at 1,435 mm (4 feet 8.5 inches) for about 60% of the world's rail mileage.13