prompt engineering

prompt engineering, process of designing inputs for generative artificial intelligence (AI) models to deliver useful, accurate, and relevant responses.

Prompt engineering is used with generative AI models called large language models (LLMs), such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google Gemini. Generative AI models are machine learning models that can generate text, images, and other content based on data they were trained on, and they can respond to prompts given to them in natural language—how a user naturally speaks or writes—rather than in code. Models can return responses based on prompts, which are requests, questions, or tasks given by the user that can be as short as a single word. Users must often employ prompt engineering to optimize the output they receive from such models.

There are many techniques and types of prompt engineering, including these commonly used ones:

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• Direct prompting, or zero-shot prompting, gives the model an instruction without providing examples. Users may improve upon this technique by assigning the model a “role” for it to emulate; for instance, a user looking to generate a new recipe idea may tell the model that it is an award-winning chef.
• Example-based prompting, which includes one-, few-, and multi-shot prompting, provides the model with one or more examples the user would like it to follow. This type of prompt can be structured so that the model outputs text that follows the same pattern as the one it has been given. For instance, the user may input the prompt “Ice cream is a delicious dessert. An example of a sentence that uses ‘ice cream’ is ‘Ice cream tastes delicious in the summer.’ A cheese puff is a crispy snack. An example of a sentence that uses ‘cheese puff’ is:”
• Chain-of-thought prompting gives the model examples that lay out the steps in which an answer was achieved. Zero-shot chain-of-thought prompting includes adding the instruction “Let’s think step-by-step” to a prompt in order to gain a more accurate answer. The combination of prompting techniques has the model include the intermediate steps that it followed in order to output its final response.

To improve results with prompt engineering, users may capitalize or repeat important words or phrases; exaggerate, such as by using hyperbole; or try various synonyms. Users may employ different strategies based on the model they are working with. For example, those creating prompts to improve Google Gemini must take into account that the model can acquire updated information from a Google search, while ChatGPT cannot.

Prompt engineering is an iterative process: it may require repeated prompting to secure the desired result. Well-engineered prompts can lead to improved results and may save money in the long run, as users may input fewer prompts when results show repeated improvement.

While prompt engineering relies on the user to design prompts for the model, some research has shown that generative AI models can optimize their own prompts better than humans can. Google DeepMind researcher Chengrun Yang and colleagues found that prompts optimized by models “outperform[ed] human designed prompts…by a significant margin, sometimes over 50%.” Similarly, researchers at the cloud computing company VMware found that common human prompting techniques, such as chain-of-thought, sometimes hurt the model’s performance rather than improving it, while they found that prompts optimized by the model almost always performed better. Sometimes, however, model-optimized prompting leads to surprising results, such as when a model created a prompt using language that referred to the science-fiction TV series Star Trek.