nuclear testing

nuclear testing at Amchitka Island in Alaska. The loose-knit organization quickly attracted support from ecologically minded individuals and began undertaking campaigns seeking, among other goals, the protection of endangered whales and seals from hunting, the cessation of the dumping of toxic chemical and radioactive wastes…

…changed when it became a nuclear test site, a process begun in 1962 when France’s former testing ground, Algeria, gained independence. The French government built testing facilities on two uninhabited atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago: Mururoa and Fangataufa. Over the next three decades, 192 bombs were detonated at those facilities.…

…the French government had begun testing nuclear weapons on Mururoa, which the territorial assembly ceded to France the following year, along with neighbouring Fangataufa. In response to worldwide pressure the tests were moved underground on Fangataufa in 1975. However, the detonations continued. In the mid-1980s political parties and environmental-protection and…

…of a number of French nuclear weapons tests conducted through the Pacific Experimentation Centre. The first such explosion took place July 3, 1966; after 1975 the tests were conducted underground. France, responding to international concern over fracturing the rock of Mururoa, began to carry out its more powerful blasts under…

…military personnel supporting the nuclear testing facilities in the Tuamotus. Logistical support activities on Tahiti and Hao Atoll created additional employment until France declared a moratorium on nuclear testing in 1996. The French government pledged to provide aid for a number of years to compensate for the adjustment. At the…

…18, 1974, at the Pokhran test site on the Rajasthan Steppe, India, detonated a nuclear device with a yield later estimated to be less than 5 kilotons. (A figure of 12 kilotons was announced by India at the time.) India characterized the underground test as being for peaceful purposes, adding…

nuclear weapons tests until 1962. The atoll subsequently became a storage facility for chemical weapons, and it was managed by the Defense Nuclear Agency (now part of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency) from 1974 to 1999, when the U.S. Air Force resumed control. A facility…

…Semei—the result of Soviet weapons testing—has hindered agricultural development in the northeast.

…almost one million people to nuclear weapons testing. Birth defects, cancer, and other illnesses related to radiation poisoning occur with unusual frequency among people in the region. These severe health hazards led the cultural and medical intelligentsia of Kazakhstan to organize mass demonstrations to protest the continued poisoning of Kazakhstan…

…was an operations base for nuclear weapons tests by the British in 1957–58 and by the United States in 1962. Its position near the Equator made its surrounding waters a favoured site for sea launches of Earth satellites beginning in the late 1990s. Kiritimati was designated a wildlife sanctuary in…

…peacetime atomic explosions conducted for experimental purposes by the United States between 1946 and 1958.

…the world—the United States exploded atomic bombs over the Bikini and Enewetak atolls in the Marshall Islands. The first U.S. tests, code-named Able and Baker, occurred as part of a program known as Operation Crossroads. The target of the operation comprised some 90 ships that were anchored for this purpose…

…Enewetak served as an official testing ground for U.S. nuclear bombs (1946–58). The tests stopped in 1958 and cleanup efforts began in the late 1960s. During the trial resettlement of the Bikinians, however, their atoll was found to be too contaminated for permanent habitation, and by the late 1970s the…

…designated, with Bikini atoll, a testing ground for atomic weapons. Tests were held in 1948, 1951, 1952, 1954, and 1956. In 1980, after the island’s contaminated topsoil was removed, Enewetak was declared decontaminated, and its people were given an opportunity to return. Their first crops grown were found to be…

…1950s and ’60s for the nuclear weapons tests conducted at the federal government’s Nevada Test Site, some 65 miles (105 km) from Las Vegas. At first the local populace responded favorably to these events, which could easily be seen by city dwellers; for a time, the atomic bomb’s mushroom cloud…

…conducted another, more powerful underground nuclear test in May 2009, again near Kilju.

…North Korea conducted an underground nuclear test in its northeastern Hamgyŏng Mountains. Western experts estimated the yield as approximately one kiloton, much lower than the initial tests of the other nuclear powers. Chinese officials said that Pyongyang informed them in advance that they planned for a test of four kilotons.…

…response to the Indian nuclear tests of May 1998, Pakistan claimed that it had successfully detonated five nuclear devices on May 28 in the Ros Koh Hills in the province of Balochistan and a sixth device two days later at a site 100 km (60 miles) to the southwest. As…

News of the nuclear tests sent distress signals throughout the world, and concerns only intensified with Pakistan’s growing instability and the likelihood that nuclear weapons, technology, or materials could be transferred, sold, or leaked to other countries or groups (indeed, in 2004 Abdal Qadir Khan, the head of…