At a Glance
electronics: References & Edit History
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Additional Reading
Historical developments in electronics are outlined in Henry B.O. Davis, Electrical and Electronic Technologies: A Chronology of Events and Inventors to 1900 (1981), and Electrical and Electronic Technologies: A Chronology of Events and Inventors from 1940 to 1980 (1985); G.W.A. Dummer and E. Davies, Electronic Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from Its Earliest Beginnings to the Present Day, 4th rev. (1997); and W.A. Atherton and Charles Sussking, From Compass to Computer: A History of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (1984).
Fundamental principles and basic functions of electronics are presented in Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, The Art of Electronics, 2nd ed. (1989); S.W. Amos and M.R. James, Principles of Transistor Circuits: Introduction to the Design of Amplifiers, Receivers, and Digital Circuits, 9th ed. (2000), an elementary discussion of devices and circuits; Robert J. Matthys, Crystal Oscillator Circuits, rev. ed. (1992), an introductory textbook covering a wide range of oscillators; B. Jayant Baliga, Modern Power Devices (1987, reprinted 1992), a comprehensive textbook on devices for power frequency applications; Robert Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 7th ed. (1998); and James T. Humphries and Leslie P. Sheets, Industrial Electronics, 4th ed. (1993).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
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Robert I. Scace
Director, Microelectronics Programs, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified link of Web site: Chemistry LibreTexts - Introduction to Electronics and First Circuit. | Sep 05, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Open university - OpenLearn - An introduction to electronics: Introduction. | Jun 03, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Open Education Books published by UMass Amherst Libraries - Applied Electrical Engineering Fundamentals - Electronics Matters. | Mar 21, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Next-Generation Electronics and Sensing Technology. | Jul 12, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers - Introduction to Electronics. | Oct 25, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Chemistry LibreTexts - Introduction to Electronics and First Circuit. | May 13, 2024 | ||
| New media added. | Jun 02, 2020 | ||
| Updated discussion of modern use of vacuum tubes. | Feb 15, 2016 | ||
| Added date of patent for the Audion. | Jun 02, 2009 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Mar 16, 2007 | ||
| Article revised. | May 21, 2004 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |
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