Why did sail propulsion replace oars on major European warships?

The transition from oar-powered vessels to sail-propelled warships was primarily driven by the evolution of naval weaponry and the strategic need for improved endurance and seakeeping.

By the mid-17th century, heavy broadside guns had become the decisive weapon in naval combat. These heavy armaments required a sturdy hull and a dedicated gun deck, which were fundamentally incompatible with the long, light, and narrow design required for galley efficiency. Consequently, the shift to sail represented a victory of fighting strength over maneuverability.1

While sailing navies were subject to the wind, they offered significant strategic advantages, including nearly limitless range and superior seakeeping compared to the frail, oar-dependent galleys. Technological advancements facilitated this transition:1
* Improved Rigging: The combination of square sails and lateen sails allowed ships to sail closer to the wind.2
* Steering: The adoption of the sternpost rudder provided the necessary control to manage larger sailing vessels effectively.32
* Tactical Formation: The development of the line ahead formation allowed fleets to concentrate their firepower, further cementing the dominance of the large, gun-heavy sailing ship.1