What materials are added to vanadium pentoxide to make ferrovanadium?

To produce ferrovanadium, a mixture of vanadium pentoxide ($V_2{O}_5$), scrap iron, aluminum, and a flux—such as calcium fluoride or calcium oxide—is added to an electric-arc furnace.1

In this process, the aluminum acts as a reducing agent, converting the vanadium pentoxide into vanadium metal, which then dissolves into the molten iron. This reaction is exothermic, meaning it releases heat, and is a form of the aluminothermic process. Alternatively, the process can be performed in a refractory-lined steel pot or water-cooled copper crucible using a charge of vanadium pentoxide, iron oxide, and aluminum, which is ignited using a barium-peroxide fuse or a magnesium ribbon.12