Newcomen steam engine
Quick Summary
The Newcomen steam engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen around 1712, was a precursor to modern steam engines. It was the first practical device for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy, primarily used for pumping water out of mines.12
Unlike later engines, the Newcomen engine used atmospheric pressure to drive its piston. Steam was admitted into a cylinder, moving a piston. Cooling water was then introduced, condensing the steam and creating a vacuum. The atmospheric pressure outside then pushed the piston down, powering a pump. While inefficient, converting only about 1% of thermal energy to mechanical energy, it was a significant advancement over horse-powered pumps and remained in use for over 50 years.12
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