How could thermoelectric devices help control temperatures on orbiting spacecraft?

Thermoelectric devices can assist in the thermal control of orbiting spacecraft by leveraging the unique, reversible nature of thermoelectric energy conversion.1

Because these solid-state devices can function in two modes, they offer a dual-purpose solution for spacecraft management:

• Power Generation: By utilizing solar heat collected from the Sun-oriented side of the vehicle, thermoelectric generators can produce electric power to support onboard systems.2
• Active Thermal Control: This generated electricity can then power other thermoelectric devices located in the spacecraft's dark areas. In this configuration, the devices act as heat pumps, using electrical input to draw heat away from specific components and dissipate it, effectively providing refrigeration or temperature regulation.12

By integrating these systems, engineers can create a balanced approach to managing the extreme thermal environments encountered in space, combining energy harvesting with active cooling capabilities.2