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In team sports, a substitution involves replacing one player with another, often temporarily. This strategic move can occur at various points in a game when play is stopped. For instance, in baseball, a manager might substitute a player for a pinch hitter, someone with a greater chance of hitting the ball effectively, or a pinch runner, a player with strong base-stealing abilities. Defensive substitutions are also common, especially late in games, where a faster outfielder might replace a slower player who is valued more for their hitting. A key rule in many sports, including baseball, is that once a player is substituted out, they cannot re-enter the game.123

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