harness racing

harness racing, sport of driving at speed a Standardbred (q.v.) horse pulling a light two-wheeled vehicle called a sulky. Harness racing horses are of two kinds, differentiated by gait: the pacing horse, or pacer, moves both legs on one side of its body at the same time; the trotting horse, or trotter, strides with its left front and right rear leg moving forward simultaneously, then right front and left rear together. Harness racing is one of the two main kinds of horse racing; the other involves horse racing astride in a saddle. For the latter, see horse racing.

Origins.

Early records of the antecedents of harness racing are ancient. Assyrian kings of 1500 bc maintained elaborate stables, and professional trainers for horses used to draw chariots, originally used in war but soon also used in the sport of hunting. Homer’s account of the chariot race in the Iliad is later. There were four-horse hitch chariot races in the Olympic Games of the 7th century bc and races with two-horse hitches earlier. Horses were locally bred with others from Asia Minor and northern Africa.

Chariot racing came into great prominence as a sport after its transfer to Rome. Public records were kept of the bloodlines of horses; exceptional horses were buried with stelae giving their records (one had 1,300 first place victories, 88 second places, and 37 third places). A perfect site for chariot racing was found between the Palatine and Aventine hills, where the Circus Maximus was built. By the 4th century ad this hippodrome’s permanent stands could hold 200,000 spectators. In Greece chariot racing had been a sport of rich men, but in Rome the sport involved companies, distinguished by their colours: white, red, blue, and green. In the reign of Augustus (27 bc–ad 14), there were 12 races a day; by Flavius’ reign (69–96), the number rose to 100, from daybreak until sundown, the length of races being shortened to accommodate the larger number. The sport had professional racing officials, starting chutes, disputes at law, accusations of doping horses, widespread gambling (spectators wore their favourite company’s colour), and riots. The chariot disappeared as a military vehicle and chariot racing ended with the fall of Rome in the 4th century; modern harness racing did not begin to evolve until early in the 19th century.

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Early history.

As early as 1554 the fastest of 3,000 horses at a horse fair in Valkenburg in Holland competed in trotting matches. The Golden Whip, Holland’s most famous trotting event, was first run in 1777 at Soestdijk. About the same time Aleksey, Count Orlov, began to develop a powerful trotting strain at his stud farm in Russia. From his stallion Barss came the Orlov trotter that became the foundation of Russian trotting stock.

England’s Norfolk Trotter, which emerged as a breed around 1750, was purely a road horse, but its speed led to its being used for road racing as a diversion for its owners. Most of its matches were trotting a given distance within a specified time.

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Trotting in North America also had its heritage in road racing, but in the early 19th century there were trotting tracks in the United States. Yankee trotted a mile over the track at Harlem, New York, in 1806 in 2:59. This time was lowered to 2:48 1/2 by an unnamed trotting gelding from Boston at the Hunting Park track in Philadelphia in 1810. By midcentury harness racing also thrived at county fairs in the United States and agricultural fairs in eastern and central Canada.

By 1840 trotting was an organized sport in New England, and a new era was underway. In 1871 the Grand Circuit, originally known as the Quadrilateral Trotting Combination, was established and grew from 4 to 23 tracks. In 1879 the Standardbred horse was established in the United States, based on a standard of time performance—2 minutes 30 seconds—for one mile.

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The creation and evolution of the Standardbred horse and that breed’s impact on world trotting rested on the prepotency of the English Thoroughbred stallion Messenger, imported to Philadelphia in 1788. He became both a major contributor to the American Thoroughbred through his undefeated grandson American Eclipse, but also immortal for harness racing as a sire of Thoroughbred runners that became trotting stallions. Ten of his sons became leading trotting sires in the early 19th century, and his great-grandson Hambletonian 10, foaled in 1849, sired 1,331 sons and daughters between 1851 and 1875 and obliterated all other strains of the trotting horse in the United States. He founded a line so dominant that all American Standardbreds after him and many trotters in the rest of the world can be traced to him.

The American pacer descended a different path from that of the trotter. Pacer heritage fuses the blood of the Narragansett pacer, a saddle horse that disappeared by 1850, and the Canuck of French Canada. The trotter began in the East, but the great growth of the pacer was in the Midwest and South, primarily in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Before the pacer attained popularity late in the 19th century, it was a despised horse.