Jiajing was the reign name (nianhao) of the 11th emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), whose long reign (1521–66/67) added a degree of stability to the government but whose neglect of official duties ushered in an era of misrule. Notoriously cruel, Jiajing caused hundreds of officials who had

Zhengde was the reign name (nianhao) of the 11th emperor (reigned 1505–21) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), during whose reign eunuchs achieved such power within the government that subsequent rulers proved unable to dislodge them. Zhu Houzhao ascended the throne in 1505, taking the reign name

Zhu Wen was a Chinese general who usurped the throne of the last emperor of the Tang dynasty (618–907) and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Hou (Later) Liang dynasty (907–923). Originally, Zhu Wen was a follower of the great Tang rebel Huang Chao (d. 884), but at an opportune time he

extensive low-lying area formed by the junction of the Xi, Bei, Dong, and Pearl (Zhu) rivers in southern Guangdong province, China. It covers an area of 2,900 square miles (7,500 square km) and stretches from the city of Guangzhou (Canton) in the north to the Macau Special Administrative Region in

Khoisan languages: Classification of the Khoisan languages: …into three effectively unrelated groups: Northern, Central, and Southern. Sandawe of Tanzania has a distant relationship to the Central group, but the place of Hadza even in relation to Sandawe has always been unclear; and the status of Kwadi, an extinct language of Namibe (formerly Moçâmedes) in southwestern Angola, remains…

Jingtai was the reign name (nianhao) of the seventh emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ascended to the throne after his brother, the Zhengtong emperor, was captured while leading the imperial forces against the Oryat (western Mongol) leader Esen Taiji in 1449. When Esen tried to take advantage of his

Zhengtong was the reign name (nianhao) of the sixth and eighth emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), whose court was dominated by eunuchs who weakened the dynasty by a disastrous war with Mongol tribes. In 1435 Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne and became known as the Zhengtong emperor, with his

Zhu Wen was a Chinese general who usurped the throne of the last emperor of the Tang dynasty (618–907) and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Hou (Later) Liang dynasty (907–923). Originally, Zhu Wen was a follower of the great Tang rebel Huang Chao (d. 884), but at an opportune time he

Guangdong: Drainage: The Pearl River itself, extending southward from Guangzhou, receives the Dong River and opens into its triangular estuary that has Macau (west) and Hong Kong (east) at its mouth. Entirely rain-fed, these rivers are subject to extreme seasonal fluctuations, and they collect so much water that,…

Zhu Rongji is a Chinese politician who was a leading economic reformer in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was premier of China from 1998 to 2003. Zhu joined the CCP in 1949. Following his graduation (1951) from Tsinghua (Qinghua) University in Beijing with a degree in electrical engineering,

Shitao was a Chinese painter and theoretician who was, with Zhu Da, one of the most famous of the Individualist painters in the early Qing period. Like Zhu, Shitao was of the formerly imperial Ming line and became a Buddhist monk; but unlike Zhu he seems to have led a life typical of his class and

Zhu Shijie was a Chinese mathematician who stood at the pinnacle of traditional Chinese mathematics. Zhu is also known for having unified the southern and northern Chinese mathematical traditions. Little is known of Zhu’s life except that he was probably a native of the present Beijing area and

Zhu Shunshui was a Chinese scholar and patriot who fled China after the destruction of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Arriving in Japan, he became one of the primary compilers of the Dai Nihon shi (“History of Great Japan”), a comprehensive rewriting of Japanese history, which served to reawaken

Zhu Wen was a Chinese general who usurped the throne of the last emperor of the Tang dynasty (618–907) and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Hou (Later) Liang dynasty (907–923). Originally, Zhu Wen was a follower of the great Tang rebel Huang Chao (d. 884), but at an opportune time he

Zhu Xi was a Chinese philosopher whose synthesis of neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. Zhu Xi was the son of a local official. He was educated in the Confucian tradition by his father and passed the highest civil service examination at the age of 18, when the average

Zhu Yizun was a Chinese scholar and poet who helped revive the ci song form during the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). Although Zhu’s family had been prominent under the Ming dynasty, the collapse of that dynasty in 1644 forced him to spend much of his life as a private tutor and personal

Wendi: …he is sometimes confused, and Zhu Yi, whose name signifies Red Coat.

China: The dynastic succession: …the prince of Lu (Zhu Yihai, no reign name), and the prince of Gui (Zhu Youlang, reign name Yongli). The loyalist coastal raider Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) and his heirs held out on Taiwan until 1683.

Wanli was the emperor of China from 1572 to 1620, during the latter portion of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Wanli emperor was a recluse whose apparent inattention to government affairs contributed to the abuses of power by provincial officials and other political figures that came to dominate

Zhu Yizun was a Chinese scholar and poet who helped revive the ci song form during the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). Although Zhu’s family had been prominent under the Ming dynasty, the collapse of that dynasty in 1644 forced him to spend much of his life as a private tutor and personal

Chongzhen was the reign name (nianhao) of the 16th and last emperor (reigned 1627–44) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Chongzhen emperor ascended the throne at the age of 16 on the death of his brother, the Tianqi emperor (reigned 1620–27), and tried to revive the deteriorating Ming government.

Tianqi was the reign name (niaohao) of the 16th and penultimate emperor (reigned 1620–27) of the Ming dynasty, under whose rule the infamous eunuch Wei Zhongxian (1568–1627) dominated the government while the dynasty disintegrated. Ascending the throne at the age of 15, the Tianqi emperor preferred

Zhu Youlang was a claimant to the Ming throne after the Manchu forces of Manchuria had captured the Ming capital at Beijing and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). A grandson of the Ming emperor Shenzong (reigned 1572–1620, reign name Wanli), Zhu was given the title of the prince of Gui.

China: The dynastic succession: …the prince of Fu (Zhu Yousong, reign name Hongguang), the prince of Tang (Zhu Yujian, reign name Longwu), the prince of Lu (Zhu Yihai, no reign name), and the prince of Gui (Zhu Youlang, reign name Yongli). The loyalist coastal raider Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) and his heirs held out…

Hongwu was the Chinese emperor (reigned 1368–98) who founded the Ming dynasty that ruled China for nearly 300 years. During his reign, the Hongwu emperor instituted military, administrative, and educational reforms that centred power in the emperor. The future Hongwu emperor was born in 1328 as Zhu

Zhu Yujian was the ruler of Fujian province in southeastern China after the Manchu forces of Manchuria (Northeast China) captured the Ming capital at Beijing and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). He was also a claimant to the Ming throne. A Ming prince, Zhu was a direct descendant of the

Jianwen was the reign name (nianhao) of the second emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), under whose brief reign (1398–1402) a civil war nearly destroyed the newly founded dynasty. Succeeding to the throne in 1398, Jianwen continued the efforts of his predecessor to erase the Mongol legacies of

Longqing was the 12th emperor (reigned 1566/67–72) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), in whose short reign the famous minister Zhang Juzheng first came to power and the country entered a period of stability and prosperity. During his reign, the Mongol leader Altan (died 1583), who had been harassing

equal temperament: Chinese prince and musicologist Zhu Zaiyu in 1596 and French philosopher and mathematician Marin Mersenne in 1636, among others, wrote of such a system. The idea of equal temperament had its most effective advocates among German musicians and theorists, beginning with Andreas Werckmeister in the early 18th century. Even…

Zhu Shunshui was a Chinese scholar and patriot who fled China after the destruction of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Arriving in Japan, he became one of the primary compilers of the Dai Nihon shi (“History of Great Japan”), a comprehensive rewriting of Japanese history, which served to reawaken

Zhu Yizun was a Chinese scholar and poet who helped revive the ci song form during the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). Although Zhu’s family had been prominent under the Ming dynasty, the collapse of that dynasty in 1644 forced him to spend much of his life as a private tutor and personal

Li Hongzhi: In Zhuan falun (1994; Eng. trans. “The Revolving Dharma Wheel”), a compilation of his lectures that served as the main text for his methodology, he called for spiritual enlightenment through meditation and striving toward high moral standards. Shortly after publishing Zhuan falun, Li announced that he…

Zhuang, largest ethnic minority of South China, chiefly occupying the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi (created 1958) and Wenshan in Yunnan province. They numbered some 16 million in the early 21st century. The Zhuang speak two closely related Tai dialects, one classified as Northern and the

Guangxi, autonomous region located in southern China. It is bounded by the Chinese provinces of Yunnan to the west, Guizhou to the north, Hunan to the northeast, and Guangdong to the southeast; the Gulf of Tonkin (Beibu Gulf) and Vietnam border it to the south and southwest. Nanning, the capital,

Zhuang language, language spoken by the Zhuang people, an official minority group of southern China, mostly in the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi. The dialects spoken in northern Guangxi belong to the Northern branch of the Tai language family and are known officially in China as the Northern

Xia Gui: Life: …biographies compiled in 1298 by Zhuang Su and titled Huaji Buyi, states that he was active in the academy under the reign of the emperor Lizong (reigned 1224/25–1264/65). Perhaps his service in the academy overlapped these two reigns and can provisionally be dated about 1200 to 1240.

Zhuang Zhou was the most significant of China’s early interpreters of Daoism, and his eponymous work, the Zhuangzi, is considered to be one of the definitive texts of Daoism. That work is thought to be more comprehensive than the Daodejing, which is attributed to Laozi, the first philosopher of

Longqing was the 12th emperor (reigned 1566/67–72) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), in whose short reign the famous minister Zhang Juzheng first came to power and the country entered a period of stability and prosperity. During his reign, the Mongol leader Altan (died 1583), who had been harassing

Zhuang, largest ethnic minority of South China, chiefly occupying the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi (created 1958) and Wenshan in Yunnan province. They numbered some 16 million in the early 21st century. The Zhuang speak two closely related Tai dialects, one classified as Northern and the

Chongzhen was the reign name (nianhao) of the 16th and last emperor (reigned 1627–44) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Chongzhen emperor ascended the throne at the age of 16 on the death of his brother, the Tianqi emperor (reigned 1620–27), and tried to revive the deteriorating Ming government.

Qin Shi Huang: Early years: …was born the son of Zhuangxiang (who later became king of the state of Qin in northwestern China) while his father was held hostage in the state of Zhao. His mother was a former concubine of a rich merchant, Lü Buwei, who, guided by financial interests, managed to install Zhuangxiang…

Zhuang Zhou was the most significant of China’s early interpreters of Daoism, and his eponymous work, the Zhuangzi, is considered to be one of the definitive texts of Daoism. That work is thought to be more comprehensive than the Daodejing, which is attributed to Laozi, the first philosopher of

Zhuangzi, Chinese philosophical, literary, and religious classic named for its author, Zhuang Zhou, who lived in the 4th century bce and is commonly referred to as Zhuangzi (“Master Zhuang”). It was highly influential in the development of subsequent Chinese philosophy and religion, particularly

Guo Xiang: His Zhuangzizhu (“Commentary on the Zhuangzi”) is thought to have been begun by another neo-Daoist philosopher, Xiang Xiu. When Xiang died, Guo is said to have incorporated Xiang’s commentary into his own. For this reason the work is sometimes called the Guo-Xiang commentary.

Five Dynasties: …by one of its generals, Zhuangzong (personal name Li Cunxu), who established the Hou (Later) Tang dynasty in 923. Although Zhuangzong and his successors ruled relatively well for 13 years, the Hou Tang was finally terminated when one of its generals, Gaozu (personal name Shi Jingtang), overthrew his master with…

dazhuan: …an important related art form, zhuanshu (“seal script”), so called because long after it had been superseded as a current writing style, it continued to be used for the carving of seals. Originally, dazhuan must have been written with a brush and ink or lacquer on wood or bamboo tablets…

Chinese writing: Characteristics: …word meaning “true, sincere, truth”); zhuanzhu, modifications or distortions of characters to form new characters, usually of somewhat related meaning (e.g., the character for shan “mountain” turned on its side means fou “tableland”); and jiajie, characters borrowed from (or sometimes originally mistaken for) others, usually words of different meaning but…

Zhao Rukuo: …trade official whose two-volume work Zhufan zhi (“Description of the Barbarians”) is one of the best-known and most wide-ranging accounts of foreign places and goods at the time of the Song dynasty (960–1279).

Zhu Xi was a Chinese philosopher whose synthesis of neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. Zhu Xi was the son of a local official. He was educated in the Confucian tradition by his father and passed the highest civil service examination at the age of 18, when the average

Zhuge Liang was a celebrated adviser to Liu Bei, founder of the Shu-Han dynasty (221–263/264). Zhuge, to whom supernatural powers often are ascribed, has been a favoured character of many Chinese plays and stories. Legend states that Liu Bei, then a minor military figure, heard of Zhuge Liang’s

Hunan: Relief: …east the mountain ranges of Zhuguang and Wugong form the border with Jiangxi. The Zhuguang Mountains, in the extreme southeast of the province, rise to a height of 6,600 feet (2,000 metres).

special economic zone: …the small cities of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shantou in Guangdong province and Xiamen (Amoy) in Fujian province. In these areas, local governments have been allowed to offer tax incentives to foreign investors and to develop their own infrastructure without the approval of the central government. Business enterprises have made most…

Zu Geng: …suggest that the mathematical treatise Zhuishu (meaning of the title now uncertain), conventionally credited to his father and lost by the 11th century, was actually written or cowritten by him. A mathematical fragment of his was appended by Li Chunfeng (602–670) to the commentary of Liu Hui (c. 263) on…

Shangqiu, city, eastern Henan sheng (province), east-central China. Situated in the middle of the North China Plain, it lies at the junction of the north-south route from Jinan in Shandong province to the central section of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and the routes from Zhengzhou and

Georgy Zhukov was a marshal of the Soviet Union, and the most important Soviet military commander during World War II. Having been conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army during World War I, Zhukov joined the Red Army in 1918, served as a cavalry commander during the Russian Civil War, and

Georgy Zhukov was a marshal of the Soviet Union, and the most important Soviet military commander during World War II. Having been conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army during World War I, Zhukov joined the Red Army in 1918, served as a cavalry commander during the Russian Civil War, and

Andrey Nikolayevich Tupolev: …a student and disciple of Nikolay Y. Zhukovsky, widely considered the father of Russian aviation. In 1918 they organized the Central Aerohydrodynamics Institute, of which Tupolev became assistant director in 1918. He became head of the institute’s design bureau in 1922 and supervised the work of various designers—including Pavel O.…

Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky was a Russian poet and translator, one of Aleksandr Pushkin’s most important precursors in forming Russian verse style and language. Zhukovsky, the illegitimate son of a landowner and a Turkish slave girl, was educated in Moscow. He served in the Napoleonic War of 1812

Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, a group of Chinese scholars and poets of the mid-3rd century ad who banded together to escape from the hypocrisy and danger of the political world of government officialdom to a life of drinking wine and writing verse in the country. Their retreat was typical of the

Mount Everest, mountain on the crest of the Great Himalayas of southern Asia that lies on the border between Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, at 27°59′ N 86°56′ E. Reaching an elevation of 29,032 feet (8,849 meters), Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Like other high

Junggar Basin, extensive basin in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The basin is located between the Mongolian Altai Mountains, on the Sino-Mongolian border, to the north, and the Borohoro (Poluokenu) and Eren Habirga mountains, to the south; the latter run east and west

Bamboo Annals, set of Chinese court records written on bamboo slips, from the state of Wei, one of the many small states into which China was divided during the Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty (770–256 bce). The state records were hidden in a tomb uncovered some 6 miles (10 km) southwest of the

porcini, (Boletus edulis), large, wild, edible mushroom prized in global cuisines, especially Italian and French. The term porcini also refers to a group of about 60 related species in the genus Boletus, four of which—B. edulis, B. aereus, B. pinophilus, and B. aestivalis—form the Boletus group

Zhuzhou, city, east-central Hunan sheng (province), China. Situated 15 miles (25 km) east of Xiangtan on the east bank of the Xiang River, Zhuzhou, until the beginning of the 20th century, was only a minor market town and river port. Its rise to importance came only with the construction of a

Zhu Xi was a Chinese philosopher whose synthesis of neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. Zhu Xi was the son of a local official. He was educated in the Confucian tradition by his father and passed the highest civil service examination at the age of 18, when the average

Mikheil Saakashvili: Education and early political career: …1995 at the invitation of Zurab Zhvania, then chairman of the Union of Citizens of Georgia (SMK), and was elected to parliament in November 1995 on the SMK ticket. From 1995 to 1998 he served as chairman of parliament’s Committee on Legal Affairs and lobbied unsuccessfully for faster and more…

Viktor Pelevin: …his novel Zhyoltaya strela (1993; The Yellow Arrow). In the novel a train that seems not to have started from any point or to be going anywhere carries passengers who continue the sometimes bizarre routines of their lives. Omon Ra (1992; published in English under the same title), was a…

Zhytomyr, city, western Ukraine. It lies along the Teteriv River where it runs between high rocky banks. Zhytomyr is believed to date from the 9th century, but the first record is from 1240, when it was sacked by the Tatars. Long a major trade focus and a seat of provincial government, modern

Tang was the reign name of the Chinese emperor who overthrew the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–c. 1600 bc) and founded the Shang, the first historical dynasty ( c. 1600–1046 bc, though the dating of the Shang—and hence also of the Tang emperor’s founding of it—have long been the subject of much debate). As

Hunan: Drainage: …Yuan River and by the Zi and Li streams. The Yuan and Zi are torrents in their upper courses; fast-flowing in summer, they run through deep gorges, broadening out to wider valleys in their lower courses. Hunan’s largest river, the Xiang, rises in the heart of the Nan Mountains, as…

Zisi was a Chinese philosopher and grandson of Confucius (551–479 bce). Varying traditional accounts state that Zisi, who studied under Confucius’s pupil Zengzi, taught either Mencius (Mengzi)—the “second sage” of Confucianism—or Mencius’s teacher. Texts dating to about the 2nd and the 4th

Zhou was the last sovereign (c. 1075–46 bc) of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 bc), who, according to legend, lost his empire because of his extreme debauchery. To please his concubine, Daji, Zhou is said to have built a lake of wine around which naked men and women were forced to chase one

Zhao Mengfu was a Chinese painter and calligrapher who, though occasionally condemned for having served in the foreign Mongol court (Yuan dynasty, 1206–1368), has been honoured as an early master within the tradition of the literati painters (wenrenhua), who sought personal expression rather than

Chittagong: The contemporary city: The Zia Memorial Museum (established 1993) preserves the location where Bangladeshi leader Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in 1981.

Náxos: The island’s highest point is Mount Zeus (Zía Óros), which is about 3,290 feet (1,003 metres) in elevation. The 165-square-mile (428-square-kilometre) island forms an eparkhía (“eparchy”). The chief port, Náxos, on the west coast, is on the site of ancient and medieval capitals.

Rudolfo Anaya: …private investigator Sonny Baca included Zia Summer (1995), Rio Grande Fall (1996), Shaman Winter (1999), and Jemez Spring (2005).

Selangor Civil War: …granted favours to his son-in-law Zia-ud-din, brother of the sultan of Kedah, he further alienated the dissident chiefs, and intermittent fighting commenced.

Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq was the Pakistani chief of Army staff, chief martial-law administrator, and president of Pakistan (1978–88). Zia was commissioned in 1945 from the Royal Indian Military Academy in Dehra Dun and served with the British armoured forces in Southeast Asia at the end of World War II.

Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq was the Pakistani chief of Army staff, chief martial-law administrator, and president of Pakistan (1978–88). Zia was commissioned in 1945 from the Royal Indian Military Academy in Dehra Dun and served with the British armoured forces in Southeast Asia at the end of World War II.

Guinea Highlands: The Ziama Massif Biosphere Reserve is known for being home to more than 1,300 species of plants and more than 500 species of animals. The 460-square-mile (1,190-square-km) Guinean reserve was designated for inclusion in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 1980.

Dandolo Family: …restless Dandolo family and the Ziani family, headed by the doge Sebastiano, who wanted to impose a policy of peace and internal reform instead of his predecessors’ war program. In 1192 the elderly Enrico Dandolo (d. 1205), of the branch of San Luca, himself became doge. His rule was chiefly…

Haya, East African people who speak a Bantu language (also called Haya) and inhabit the northwestern corner of Tanzania between the Kagera River and Lake Victoria. Two main ethnic elements exist in the population—the pastoral Hima, who are probably descendants of wandering Nilotes, and the more

Zibo, industrial city and municipality (shi), central Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. The municipality is a regional city complex made up of five major towns: Zhangdian (Zibo), Linzi, Zhoucun, Zichuan, and Boshan. Each is now a district of the municipality. Zhangdian, in the north-central

Abū ʿAlī Muṣṭafā was a Palestinian nationalist who was a cofounder (1967) and secretary-general (2000–01) of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a radical faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Born Muṣṭafā al-Zibrī, he later took the nom de guerre Abū ʿAlī

Zibo: Zhangdian (Zibo), Linzi, Zhoucun, Zichuan, and Boshan. Each is now a district of the municipality. Zhangdian, in the north-central part of the municipality, is its administrative seat. Linzi constitutes the eastern district and Zhoucun the western. Stretching to the south are Zichuan and Boshan; the name Zibo was coined…

Western painting: Central Europe: …the most important painters were Johann Zick and Carlo Carlone. Zick’s frescoes at Würzburg (1749) had not been entirely successful, and in 1750 he was supplanted by Tiepolo; but at Bruchsal he produced one of the most brilliant series of Rococo frescoes in Germany (now destroyed). His son Januarius began…

13 Famous Football (Soccer) Players Who Have Never Won a World Cup: Zico (Brazil): An attacking midfielder with great vision, Zico was renowned for his dribbling and long-range goals. He was part of the iconic 1982 Brazil team, which many pundits predicted would win that year’s World Cup. It was not to be. Zico and Brazil dazzled…

13 Famous Football (Soccer) Players Who Have Never Won a World Cup: Zico (Brazil): An attacking midfielder with great vision, Zico was renowned for his dribbling and long-range goals. He was part of the iconic 1982 Brazil team, which many pundits predicted would win that year’s World Cup. It was not to be. Zico and Brazil dazzled…

stink bug: Major species: Zicrona caerulea, a species that occurs in China, preys on beetle larvae and adult beetles. In some areas of Mexico, Africa, and India, stink bugs are eaten by humans.

Zinedine Zidane is a French football (soccer) player who led his country to victories in the 1998 World Cup and the 2000 European Championship. He later found success as a manager. After playing for the junior team US Saint-Henri, Zidane joined Cannes in 1989 and quickly became the focal point of

Anatolia: The Middle Kingdom: …by which a Hittite king—presumably Zidantas II or Huzziyas—paid tribute to the pharaoh in return for certain frontier adjustments, but it is not clear to what extent Syria was dominated by Thutmose III between 1471 and his death. During this period the national unity of the Hurrians seems to have…

AZT, drug used to slow the progression of HIV infection and delay the development of AIDS. AZT belongs to a group of drugs known as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). In 1987 AZT became the first of these drugs to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the

AZT: Mechanism of action: …compound of AZT, known as zidovudine 5-triphosphate, has a high affinity (attraction) for reverse transcriptase.

Central Asian arts: Mongolian Huns: Those in the Zidzha Valley lie at the same latitude as the Pazyryk mounds and were subjected to similar conditions of freezing, which helped preserve their contents. The richest of the excavated burial sites, however, are those of Noin Ula, to the north of Ulaanbaatar, on the Selenge…

biblical literature: Non-European versions: …the Tamil language, produced by Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, a Lutheran missionary. A complete Bible followed in 1727. Six years later the first Bible in High Malay came out.

Vernon Duke: …“I Can’t Get Started” from Ziegfeld Follies of 1936.

Busby Berkeley: Later films: …production numbers for three films: Ziegfeld Girl (1941), Lady Be Good (1941), and Born to Sing (1942). For Me and My Gal (1942) was all his, with Gene Kelly and Garland as 1915 vaudeville performers. It was a hit, but there was friction between Berkeley and Garland. That tension and…

Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. was an American theatrical producer who brought the revue to spectacular heights under the slogan “Glorifying the American Girl.” During the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, Ziegfeld managed Sandow, the strong man. In 1896 he turned to theatrical management.

Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. was an American theatrical producer who brought the revue to spectacular heights under the slogan “Glorifying the American Girl.” During the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, Ziegfeld managed Sandow, the strong man. In 1896 he turned to theatrical management.

Fanny Brice: …was long associated with the Ziegfeld Follies.