Wang Anshi was a Chinese poet and prose writer, best known as a governmental reformer who implemented his unconventional idealism through the “New Laws,” or “New Policies,” of 1069–76. The academic controversy sparked by his reforms continued for centuries. Wang emerged from a rising new group of

Wang Bi was one of the most brilliant and precocious Chinese philosophers of his day. By the time of Wang’s death at the age of 23, he was already the author of outstanding commentaries on the Daoist classic, the Daodejing (or Laozi), and the Confucian mantic classic the Yijing (“Classic of

Bangkok: People of Bangkok: …gather around mosques in the Wang Burapha section, and the Western and Japanese communities reside in the affluent, modern eastern section of the city.

Wang Chong was one of the most original and independent Chinese thinkers of the Han period (206 bce–220 ce). A rationalistic naturalist during an age of superstition, Wang dared attack the belief in omens and portents that had begun to creep into the Confucian doctrines. He helped pave the way for

Wang Che was the founder of the Ch’üan-chen (Perfect Realization) sect of Taoism, in 1163. After receiving secret teachings, Wang established a monastery in Shantung to propagate the Way of Perfect Realization as a synthesis of Confucianism, Taoism, and Ch’an (Zen) Buddhism. Wang’s new sect

Zhang Yimou: …nu ren: Yang Guifei (2015; Lady of the Dynasty), about the tragic love affair between concubine Yang Guifei and Emperor Xuanzong, and then helmed the English-language thriller The Great Wall (2016). Ying (2018; Shadow) is an action drama inspired by China’s Three Kingdoms. Zhang’s subsequent movies included Yi miao zhong

Wang Ching-wei was an associate of the revolutionary Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, rival of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) for control of the Nationalist government in the late 1920s and early ’30s, and finally head of the regime established in 1940 to govern the Japanese-conquered territory in

Wang Che was the founder of the Ch’üan-chen (Perfect Realization) sect of Taoism, in 1163. After receiving secret teachings, Wang established a monastery in Shantung to propagate the Way of Perfect Realization as a synthesis of Confucianism, Taoism, and Ch’an (Zen) Buddhism. Wang’s new sect

Wang Zhen was a Chinese eunuch who monopolized power during the first reign of the Ming emperor Yingzong (reigned as Zhengtong; 1435–49). Wang was denounced by later historians as the first of a series of eunuchs whose mismanagement helped destroy the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Wang was the constant

Wang Ching-wei was an associate of the revolutionary Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, rival of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) for control of the Nationalist government in the late 1920s and early ’30s, and finally head of the regime established in 1940 to govern the Japanese-conquered territory in

Wang Chong was one of the most original and independent Chinese thinkers of the Han period (206 bce–220 ce). A rationalistic naturalist during an age of superstition, Wang dared attack the belief in omens and portents that had begun to creep into the Confucian doctrines. He helped pave the way for

Wang Che was the founder of the Ch’üan-chen (Perfect Realization) sect of Taoism, in 1163. After receiving secret teachings, Wang established a monastery in Shantung to propagate the Way of Perfect Realization as a synthesis of Confucianism, Taoism, and Ch’an (Zen) Buddhism. Wang’s new sect

Koko Taylor: …notably the 1965 hit “Wang Dang Doodle.” That song, which thrust Taylor into the mainstream, sold more than a million copies and reached the top five on the Billboard rhythm-and-blues chart. With the demise of Chess in the early 1970s, Taylor moved to Alligator Records, where she recorded a…

Wang Shifu was the leading dramatist of the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368), which saw the flowering of Chinese drama. Of 14 plays attributed to Wang, only three survive, of which Xixiangji (The Story of the Western Wing, also published as The Romance of the Western Chamber) is widely regarded as the best

Ponzi scheme: …recently, in 2007 Chinese businessman Wang Fengyou, founder of Yilishen Tianxi Group, was arrested on charges of “instigating social unrest” after angry victims of his ant-farming scheme, which allegedly conned an estimated one million people out of more than $1 billion, mobbed government offices in protest. In 2008 David Murcia…

Chinese painting: Ming dynasty (1368–1644): …the early Ming court was Wang Fu, who survived a long period of banishment to the frontier under the first emperor to return as a court calligrapher. He became a key figure in the survival and transmission of Yuan literati style and was the first to single out the masters…

Wang Fuzhi was a Chinese nationalistic philosopher, historian, and poet in the early years of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), whose works were revived by Chinese nationalists in the middle of the 19th century. Born and educated during the last years of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Wang was an ardent

Wang Fuzhi was a Chinese nationalistic philosopher, historian, and poet in the early years of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), whose works were revived by Chinese nationalists in the middle of the 19th century. Born and educated during the last years of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Wang was an ardent

Wang Guowei was a Chinese scholar, historian, literary critic, and poet known for his Western approach to Chinese history. Having failed the provincial examination in 1893, Wang attended Hangzhou Chongwen Academy. In 1898 he entered the Dongwen Learning Society, founded by the scholar Luo Zhenyu;

Wang Guowei was a Chinese scholar, historian, literary critic, and poet known for his Western approach to Chinese history. Having failed the provincial examination in 1893, Wang attended Hangzhou Chongwen Academy. In 1898 he entered the Dongwen Learning Society, founded by the scholar Luo Zhenyu;

Wang Guowei was a Chinese scholar, historian, literary critic, and poet known for his Western approach to Chinese history. Having failed the provincial examination in 1893, Wang attended Hangzhou Chongwen Academy. In 1898 he entered the Dongwen Learning Society, founded by the scholar Luo Zhenyu;

Gang of Four: …third wife, Jiang Qing, and Wang Hongwen, Zhang Chunqiao, and Yao Wenyuan. Their backgrounds were similar in that prior to 1966 all four were low- or middle-ranking officials who lacked leverage within the existing power structure. Shared traits included their ability to manipulate the mass media, their good standing with…

Wang Xizhi was the most celebrated of Chinese calligraphers. It is said that even in his lifetime a few of Wang’s characters or his signature were priceless. Down through the ages, aspiring students of that most basic yet highest art in China, calligraphy, have copied and preserved traces of his

Wang Hui was probably the paramount member of the group of Chinese painters known as the Four Wangs (including Wang Shimin, 1592–1680, Wang Jian, 1598–1677, and Wang Yuanqi, 1642–1715), who represented the so-called “orthodox school” of painting in the Ming and early Qing periods. The orthodox

Confucianism: Confucian learning in Jin, Yuan, and Ming: …followers, such as the communitarian Wang Ji (1498–1583), who devoted his long life to building a community of the like-minded, and the radical individualist Li Zhi (1527–1602), who proposed to reduce all human relationships to friendship, broadened Confucianism to accommodate a variety of lifestyles.

Wang Hui: Wangs (including Wang Shimin, 1592–1680, Wang Jian, 1598–1677, and Wang Yuanqi, 1642–1715), who represented the so-called “orthodox school” of painting in the Ming and early Qing periods. The orthodox school was based upon the dicta laid down by Dong Qichang (1555–1636). It was “orthodox” in the Confucian sense of continuing…

Wang Jianlin is a Chinese businessman who founded (1988) and served as chairman (1989– ) of Dalian Wanda Group, a conglomerate with major interests in real estate development and entertainment. Wang’s rise to prominence was a quintessential rags-to-riches story. He joined the People’s Liberation

printmaking: History of printmaking: …of the Buddha) printed by Wang Jie in 868 ce, which was found in a cave in eastern Turkistan.

Wang Anshi was a Chinese poet and prose writer, best known as a governmental reformer who implemented his unconventional idealism through the “New Laws,” or “New Policies,” of 1069–76. The academic controversy sparked by his reforms continued for centuries. Wang emerged from a rising new group of

Ma Ying-jeou: …in 2013 after alleging that Wang Jin-pyng, a Nationalist colleague and longtime rival, had engaged in influence peddling by persuading prosecutors to forgo appealing a not-guilty ruling in a case involving Ker Chien-ming, a member of the DPP. Wang was expelled from the party but subsequently reinstated amid widespread support.…

Wang Guowei was a Chinese scholar, historian, literary critic, and poet known for his Western approach to Chinese history. Having failed the provincial examination in 1893, Wang attended Hangzhou Chongwen Academy. In 1898 he entered the Dongwen Learning Society, founded by the scholar Luo Zhenyu;

Wang Ching-wei was an associate of the revolutionary Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, rival of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) for control of the Nationalist government in the late 1920s and early ’30s, and finally head of the regime established in 1940 to govern the Japanese-conquered territory in

Wang Junxia is a Chinese middle- and long-distance runner, who in 1993 set world records for women in the 3,000-metre and 10,000-metre events. Born to a peasant family, Wang took up long-distance running as a teenager. She was soon coached by Ma Junren, who was known for his demanding and sometimes

Goryeo dynasty: Wang Kon, who in 918 overthrew the state of Later Goguryeo, established in north-central Korea by the monk Kung Ye. Changing the name of the state to Goryeo, Wang Kon established his capital at Songdo (present-day Kaesong, North Korea). With the surrender of the kingdoms…

Wang Guowei was a Chinese scholar, historian, literary critic, and poet known for his Western approach to Chinese history. Having failed the provincial examination in 1893, Wang attended Hangzhou Chongwen Academy. In 1898 he entered the Dongwen Learning Society, founded by the scholar Luo Zhenyu;

An Wang: …and electronics engineer who founded Wang Laboratories.

Bo Xilai and Gu Kailai: …2012, former Chongqing police chief Wang Lijun, whom Bo had removed from his post four days earlier, sought asylum at the U.S. consulate in Chengdu. There he claimed that Gu had poisoned Heywood. Wang left the consulate the next day in the custody of state security officers. Bo was removed…

Wang Mang was the founder of the short-lived Xin dynasty (ad 9–25). He is known in Chinese history as Shehuangdi (the “Usurper Emperor”), because his reign (ad 9–23) and that of his successor interrupted the Liu family’s succession of China’s Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220); as a result, the Han is

Chinese literature: After the Cultural Revolution: …exemplified in the stories of Wang Meng, with their stylistic experiments in stream of consciousness, and of Bai Hua, with their sharp political criticism of the previous 20 years; the symbolic “obscure” poetry of Bei Dao and others; the relatively bold dramas, both for the stage and for the screen,…

Olympic Games: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 2010: In short-track speed skating, Wang Meng of China won three golds (women’s 500 meters, 1,000 meters, and 3,000-meter relay) and Apolo Anton Ohno’s three medals (silver in the men’s 1,500 meters, bronze in the 1,000 meters, and bronze in the 5,000-meter relay) gave him an American record of eight…

Wang Meng was a Chinese painter who is placed among the group later known as the Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368), although, being in the second generation of that group, he had a more personal style that was less based upon the emulation of ancient masters. Wang was a grandson of

Chinese painting: Yuan dynasty (1206–1368): Wang Mian, who served not the Mongols but anti-Mongol forces at the end of the dynasty, set the highest standard for the painting of plums, a symbol of irrepressible purity and, potentially, of revolutionary zeal.

Mao Zedong: The road to power of Mao Zedong: …for Mao’s two chief rivals—Wang Ming, who had just returned from a long stay in Moscow, and Zhang Guotao, who had at first refused to accept Mao’s political and military leadership—were both accused of excessive slavishness toward the Nationalists. But perhaps even more central in Mao’s ultimate emergence as…

Wang Wei was one of the most famous men of arts and letters during the Tang dynasty, one of the golden ages of Chinese cultural history. Wang is popularly known as a model of humanistic education as expressed in poetry, music, and painting. In the 17th century, the writer on art Dong Qichang

China: Provincial separatism: …clique of Wang Shuwen and Wang Pei. They planned to take control of the palace armies from the eunuchs but failed.

Wang Bi was one of the most brilliant and precocious Chinese philosophers of his day. By the time of Wang’s death at the age of 23, he was already the author of outstanding commentaries on the Daoist classic, the Daodejing (or Laozi), and the Confucian mantic classic the Yijing (“Classic of

history of medicine: China: …most important writers on anatomy, Wang Qingren, gained his knowledge from the inspection of dog-torn children who had died in a plague epidemic in 1798 ce. Traditional Chinese anatomy is based on the cosmic system, which postulates the presence of such hypothetical structures as the 12 channels and the three…

Wang Qishan is a Chinese politician and government official who was an influential member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)—notably, serving on its Politburo Standing Committee (2012–17) and heading the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI; 2012–17). In 2018 he became vice

Baren was a Chinese prose writer and critic who was the first Chinese literary theorist to promote the Marxist point of view. After graduating from primary school, Wang entered the Fourth Normal School in Ningpo. In 1920 Wang completed his studies and began his career as a teacher. His interest in

Wang Ching-wei was an associate of the revolutionary Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, rival of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) for control of the Nationalist government in the late 1920s and early ’30s, and finally head of the regime established in 1940 to govern the Japanese-conquered territory in

Thailand: Drainage of Thailand: …Ping (and its tributary the Wang), the Yom, and the Nan—flow generally south through narrow valleys to the plains and then merge to form the Chao Phraya, Thailand’s principal river. The delta floodplain of the Chao Phraya is braided into numerous small channels and is joined by other rivers—notably the…

Confucianism: Confucian learning in Jin, Yuan, and Ming: …talent and moral concerns and Wang Roxu’s (1174–1243) scholarship in Classics and history, as depicted in Yuan Haowen’s (1190–1257) biographical sketches and preserved in their collected works, compared well with the high standards set by their counterparts in the South.

kŏmungo: …century ce by Korean musician Wang San-ak. Since the Koryŏ dynasty (918–1392) it has been an essential instrument in court ensemble music (hyang-ak). The kŏmungo is part of many types of court and folk music ensembles and is also used in sanjo, a solo genre designed to showcase a player’s…

China: Early Tang (618–626): …the Sui remnants commanded by Wang Shichong at Luoyang, the rebel Li Mi in Henan, the rebel Dou Jiande in Hebei, and Yuwen Huaji, who had assassinated the previous Sui emperor Yangdi and now led the remnants of the Sui’s southern armies. Wang Shichong set up a grandson of Yangdi…

Wang Shifu was the leading dramatist of the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368), which saw the flowering of Chinese drama. Of 14 plays attributed to Wang, only three survive, of which Xixiangji (The Story of the Western Wing, also published as The Romance of the Western Chamber) is widely regarded as the best

Wang Shifu was the leading dramatist of the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368), which saw the flowering of Chinese drama. Of 14 plays attributed to Wang, only three survive, of which Xixiangji (The Story of the Western Wing, also published as The Romance of the Western Chamber) is widely regarded as the best

Wang Hui: …as the Four Wangs (including Wang Shimin, 1592–1680, Wang Jian, 1598–1677, and Wang Yuanqi, 1642–1715), who represented the so-called “orthodox school” of painting in the Ming and early Qing periods. The orthodox school was based upon the dicta laid down by Dong Qichang (1555–1636). It was “orthodox” in the Confucian…

China: Literature and scholarship: The historians Song Lian and Wang Shizhen and the philosopher-statesman Wang Yangming were among the dynasty’s most noted prose stylists, producing expository writings of exemplary lucidity and straightforwardness. Perhaps the most admired master was Gui Youguang, whose most famous writings are simple essays and anecdotes about everyday life—often rather loose…

Wang Yangming was a Chinese scholar-official whose idealistic interpretation of neo-Confucianism influenced philosophical thinking in East Asia for centuries. Though his career in government was rather unstable, his suppression of rebellions brought a century of peace to his region. His

Wang Shu is a Chinese architect whose reuse of materials salvaged from demolition sites and thoughtful approach to setting and Chinese tradition revealed his opposition to modern China’s relentless urbanization. He was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2012 for “producing an architecture

Wang Shuhe was a Chinese physician who wrote the Maijing (The Pulse Classics), an influential work describing the pulse and its importance in the diagnosis of disease. Wang also wrote an important commentary on the Huangdi neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine), a work dating

Wang Shuhe was a Chinese physician who wrote the Maijing (The Pulse Classics), an influential work describing the pulse and its importance in the diagnosis of disease. Wang also wrote an important commentary on the Huangdi neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine), a work dating

China: Provincial separatism: …dominated by the clique of Wang Shuwen and Wang Pei. They planned to take control of the palace armies from the eunuchs but failed.

Wang Tao was one of the pioneers of modern journalism in China and an early leader of the movement to reform traditional Chinese institutions along Western lines. Wang’s sympathy with the long, widespread Taiping Rebellion in South China (1850–64) aroused the enmity of officials in the Qing dynasty

Wang Tao was one of the pioneers of modern journalism in China and an early leader of the movement to reform traditional Chinese institutions along Western lines. Wang’s sympathy with the long, widespread Taiping Rebellion in South China (1850–64) aroused the enmity of officials in the Qing dynasty

Wang Wei was one of the most famous men of arts and letters during the Tang dynasty, one of the golden ages of Chinese cultural history. Wang is popularly known as a model of humanistic education as expressed in poetry, music, and painting. In the 17th century, the writer on art Dong Qichang

Chinese calligraphy: …Wang Xizhi and his son Wang Xianzhi in the 4th century. Few of their original works have survived, but a number of their writings were engraved on stone tablets and woodblocks, and rubbings were made from them. Many great calligraphers imitated their styles, but none ever surpassed them for artistic…

Wang Xiaotong was a Chinese mathematician who made important advances in the solution of problems involving cubic equations. During the reign of Li Yuan (618–626), Wang was a suanxue boshi (arithmetic officer). In 626 he took part in the revision of the Wuying calendar (618), which had erroneously

Wang Xizhi was the most celebrated of Chinese calligraphers. It is said that even in his lifetime a few of Wang’s characters or his signature were priceless. Down through the ages, aspiring students of that most basic yet highest art in China, calligraphy, have copied and preserved traces of his

Wang Yangming was a Chinese scholar-official whose idealistic interpretation of neo-Confucianism influenced philosophical thinking in East Asia for centuries. Though his career in government was rather unstable, his suppression of rebellions brought a century of peace to his region. His

Ōyōmeigaku, one of the three major schools of Neo-Confucianism that developed in Japan during the Tokugawa period (1603–1867). See

Wang Yangming was a Chinese scholar-official whose idealistic interpretation of neo-Confucianism influenced philosophical thinking in East Asia for centuries. Though his career in government was rather unstable, his suppression of rebellions brought a century of peace to his region. His

encyclopaedia: China: …by the renowned Song scholar Wang Yinglin (1223–92) and was reprinted in 240 volumes in 1738.

Wang Wei was one of the most famous men of arts and letters during the Tang dynasty, one of the golden ages of Chinese cultural history. Wang is popularly known as a model of humanistic education as expressed in poetry, music, and painting. In the 17th century, the writer on art Dong Qichang

Wang Xizhi was the most celebrated of Chinese calligraphers. It is said that even in his lifetime a few of Wang’s characters or his signature were priceless. Down through the ages, aspiring students of that most basic yet highest art in China, calligraphy, have copied and preserved traces of his

Wang Hui: …1592–1680, Wang Jian, 1598–1677, and Wang Yuanqi, 1642–1715), who represented the so-called “orthodox school” of painting in the Ming and early Qing periods. The orthodox school was based upon the dicta laid down by Dong Qichang (1555–1636). It was “orthodox” in the Confucian sense of continuing traditional modes, and it…

Wang Che was the founder of the Ch’üan-chen (Perfect Realization) sect of Taoism, in 1163. After receiving secret teachings, Wang established a monastery in Shantung to propagate the Way of Perfect Realization as a synthesis of Confucianism, Taoism, and Ch’an (Zen) Buddhism. Wang’s new sect

Wang Zhen was a Chinese eunuch who monopolized power during the first reign of the Ming emperor Yingzong (reigned as Zhengtong; 1435–49). Wang was denounced by later historians as the first of a series of eunuchs whose mismanagement helped destroy the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Wang was the constant

Wang Mang: Early life: …earlier, his father’s half sister Wang Zhengjun had become the empress with the accession of the Yuandi emperor. Upon the death of her husband, she was given the traditional title of empress dowager, which meant added prestige and influence for herself and her clan. Yuandi’s successor, the Chengdi emperor, her…

China: The dynastic succession: …Wang Zhen in the 1440s, Wang Zhi in the 1470s and ’80s, and Liu Jin from 1505 to 1510. The Hongxi (reigned 1424–25), Xuande (1425–35), and Hongzhi (1487–1505) emperors were nevertheless able and conscientious rulers in the Confucian mode. The only serious disruption of the peace occurred in 1449 when…

Chinese calligraphy: …Wang Xizhi and his son Wang Xianzhi in the 4th century. Few of their original works have survived, but a number of their writings were engraved on stone tablets and woodblocks, and rubbings were made from them. Many great calligraphers imitated their styles, but none ever surpassed them for artistic…

An Wang was a Chinese-born American executive and electronics engineer who founded Wang Laboratories. The son of a teacher, Wang earned a bachelor’s degree in science from Chiao-t’ung University in Shanghai in 1940. He immigrated to the United States in 1945 and earned a Ph.D. in applied physics

Vera Wang is an American fashion designer, best known for her elegant and sophisticated wedding dress and haute couture collections. She later branched into other lines, including menswear, jewelry, fragrances, eyewear, and home products. Wang’s parents immigrated to the United States from China in

Vera Wang is an American fashion designer, best known for her elegant and sophisticated wedding dress and haute couture collections. She later branched into other lines, including menswear, jewelry, fragrances, eyewear, and home products. Wang’s parents immigrated to the United States from China in

Wayne Wang is a Hong Kong-born film director, producer, and screenwriter who became one of the first major Asian directors in the United States. He directed both big-budget Hollywood studio motion pictures and low-budget independent films (without the backing of a major studio). His independent

cereal processing: Milling: …as sake in Japan and wang-tsin in China, are made from rice with the aid of fungi. The hull or husk of paddy, of little value as animal feed because of a high silicon content that is harmful to digestive and respiratory organs, is used mainly as fuel.

Wanganui, city (“district”) and port, southwestern North Island, New Zealand, near the mouth of the Wanganui River. The site lies within a tract bought by the New Zealand Company in 1840. The company established a settlement in 1841 and named it Petre. It was renamed in 1844, the present name

Wangaratta, city, northern Victoria, Australia. It lies at the confluence of the Ovens and King rivers, northeast of Melbourne. Its name is derived from an Aboriginal term meaning either “meeting of the rivers” or “home of the cormorants.” The site was first settled in 1837 by a sheepherder, George

China: The advent of bronze casting: …Late Neolithic fortified sites—such as Wangchenggang (“Mound of the Royal City”) in north-central Henan and Dengxiafeng in Xia county (possibly the site of Xiaxu, “Ruins of Xia”?), southern Shanxi—as early Xia capitals. Taosi, also in southern Shanxi, has been identified as a Xia capital because of the “royal” nature of…

Bhutan: Reforms initiated by King Jigme Dorji Wangchuk (reigned 1952–72) in the 1950s and ’60s led to a shift away from absolute monarchy in the 1990s and toward the institution of multiparty parliamentary democracy in 2008.

Bhutan: Constitutional framework: …throne to his Oxford-educated son, Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk. This event catalyzed the country’s transition to a fully democratic government. Over the next year the public was trained in the democratic process through a mock vote, and the country’s first official elections—for seats in the National Council, the upper house…

Bhutan: From absolute monarchy to parliamentary democracy: In 1972, 16-year-old Jigme Singye Wangchuk succeeded his father as king. The new king agreed to abide by the treaty with India and also sought to improve ties with China. Jigme Singye Wangchuk continued his father’s reform and development policies, channeling money into infrastructure, education, and health, but…

Bhutan: The emergence of Bhutan: …of contemplation, the then-strongest penlop, Ugyen Wangchuk of Tongsa, was “elected” by a council of lamas, abbots, councillors, and laymen to be the hereditary king (druk gyalpo) of Bhutan. The lamas continued to have strong spiritual influence.

Confucianism: Mencius: The paradigmatic Confucian intellectual: …and the kingly way (wangdao). In dealing with feudal lords, Mencius conducted himself not merely as a political adviser but also as a teacher of kings. Mencius made it explicit that a true person cannot be corrupted by wealth, subdued by power, or affected by poverty.

Joan Bennett: At the suggestion of producer Walter Wanger, her third husband, she changed her hair colour from blonde to brunette, which led to her successes in leading roles. They included a series of films noir directed by Fritz Lang, including Woman in the Window (1944) and Scarlet Street (1945), followed by…

Beijing: Commerce and finance: …vibrant retail areas is along Wangfujing Dajie, which is a few streets east of the Imperial Palaces. As part of a 20-year development plan for this shopping street that began in 1991, it was transformed in 1999 when storefronts were beautified and all vehicular traffic (except city buses) was banned.…

unequal treaty: …most important treaties were the Treaty of Wanghia (Wangxia) with the United States and the Treaty of Whampoa with France (both 1844). Each additional treaty expanded upon the rights of extraterritoriality, and, as a result, the foreigners obtained an independent legal, judicial, police, and taxation system within the treaty ports.

Ngoni, approximately 12 groups of people of the Nguni (q.v.) branch of Bantu-speaking peoples that are scattered throughout eastern Africa. Their dispersal was due to the rise of the Zulu empire early in the 19th century, during which many refugee bands moved away from Zululand. One Ngoni chief,

Chinese architecture: The Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12): …while the small and delicate Garden of the Master of Nets (Wangshi Yuan), also in Suzhou, provides knowledgeable viewers with a remarkable series of sophisticated visual surprises, typically only apparent on a third or fourth visit to the site.

unequal treaty: …most important treaties were the Treaty of Wanghia (Wangxia) with the United States and the Treaty of Whampoa with France (both 1844). Each additional treaty expanded upon the rights of extraterritoriality, and, as a result, the foreigners obtained an independent legal, judicial, police, and taxation system within the treaty ports.