postal system: United States: A traveling post-office system, in which mail could be sorted in transit, was introduced experimentally in 1862, and it made railway mail service the dominant form of mail conveyance well into the 20th century. The gradual reduction of passenger train services during the 1930s led to…

Pancho Fierro: …paintings were sympathetic, as in Traveling Salesman, a portrait of a stooped salesman leaning on a walking stick as he carries a heavy bag, while others were sardonic, such as Friar Tomato, whose face Fierro distorts in caricature. Song of the Devils (c. 1830) reflects Fierro’s interest in Peru’s folklore…

traveling salesman problem, an optimization problem in graph theory in which the nodes (cities) of a graph are connected by directed edges (routes), where the weight of an edge indicates the distance between two cities. The problem is to find a path that visits each city once, returns to the

film: Camera movement: Trucking, dollying, and tracking can even be combined with panning in a complex movement that may require the adjustment of focus or aperture en route. One such camera movement that is often used imitates the gaze of a traveler who turns in a moving automobile…

William Stafford: In Traveling Through the Dark (1962), a volume of restrained and introspective verse , Stafford revealed his fascination with self-searching and discovery; it received the National Book Award for Poetry in 1962. Later collections include Allegiances (1970), A Glass Face in the Rain (1982), and An…

wind: …hundred kilometres in wavelength) called traveling waves. Such traveling waves form the upper parts of near-surface cyclones and anticyclones to which they are linked, thus guiding their movement and development.

standing wave: …same direction, interference produces a traveling wave. For oppositely moving waves, interference produces an oscillating wave fixed in space.

Bob Dylan: Elder statesman of folk and rock: …Hall of Fame, and the Traveling Wilburys (Dylan, Petty, Harrison, Jeff Lynne, and Roy Orbison) formed at his house in Malibu and released their first album.

iron processing: Sintering: For this purpose, a traveling-grate machine is used, and the burning of fine coke (known as coke breeze) within the ore generates the necessary heat. Before being delivered to the sinter machine, the ore mixture is moistened to cause fine particles to stick to larger ones, and then the…

particle accelerator: Linear electron accelerators: The force that acts on electrons in a traveling-wave accelerator is provided by an electromagnetic field with a frequency near 3,000 MHz (1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hertz, or 1,000,000 cycles per second)—a microwave. The acceleration chamber is an evacuated cylindrical pipe that…

maser: Solid-state and traveling-wave masers: …easier tunability are obtained with traveling-wave masers. In these, a rod of a suitable crystal, such as ruby, is positioned inside a wave-guide structure that is designed to cause the wave to travel relatively slowly through the crystal.

electron tube: Traveling-wave tubes: These are generally used to amplify microwave signals over broad bandwidths. The main elements of a traveling-wave tube (TWT) are (1) an electron gun, (2) a focusing structure that keeps the electrons in a linear path, (3) an RF circuit that causes RF…

Richard Adams: …different approach to anthropomorphism with Traveller (1988), told from the perspective of Robert E. Lee’s horse. He returned to his intrepid rabbits with Tales from Watership Down in 1996. Daniel (2006) concerns a former slave who becomes an abolitionist.

Thomas Mokopu Mofolo: …novel, Moeti oa Bochabela (1907; The Traveller of the East), is an allegory in which a young African in search of truth and virtue journeys to a land where white men help bring him to Christian salvation. Mofolo’s second novel, Pitseng (1910), is also a Christian fable, but in this…

Oliver Goldsmith: Life: …reputation as a poet with The Traveller, the first work to which he put his name. It embodied both his memories of tramping through Europe and his political ideas. In 1770 he confirmed that reputation with the more famous Deserted Village, which contains charming vignettes of rural life while denouncing…

Horton Foote: His 1954 play The Travelling Lady, with his screenplay, became the film Baby, the Rain Must Fall in 1965. Foote also wrote an acclaimed series of nine plays about rural Texas, The Orphans’ Home Cycle; these include Valentine’s Day (1980), 1918 (1982), and The Widow Claire (1986). His…

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: …his critically acclaimed plays are Travelling North (1980) and Dead White Males (1995). Other playwrights who came into prominence were Jack Hibberd, Alex Buzo, Peter Kenna, Louis Nowra, Steve J. Spears, and Michael Gow. Nowra’s Così (1992) was successfully adapted for film.

wind: …hundred kilometres in wavelength) called traveling waves. Such traveling waves form the upper parts of near-surface cyclones and anticyclones to which they are linked, thus guiding their movement and development.

film: Travelogues and ethnographic films: One sort of film that has had continuous appeal, albeit for a specialized audience, has been the travel film. Much of the attraction of such films—from the crude pictures cranked out by Lumière cameramen in Japan, Africa, and the Arctic, to…

Travels, classic travel account by Ibn Baṭṭūṭah of his journeys through virtually all Muslim countries and many adjacent lands. The full title means “The Gift of the Beholders on the Peculiarities of the Regions and the Marvels of Journeys.” The narrative was dictated in 1353 to Ibn Juzayy, who

William Bartram: …their primeval condition in his Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791), called Travels for short. The book was influential among the English and French Romantics. Bartram was also noted for his renderings of plants and animals.

Edward Whymper: He published Travels Amongst the Great Andes of Ecuador (1892), which contained much valuable information for geographers, geologists, and mountaineers. He also compiled two handbooks on the climbing of Chamonix (1896) and Zermatt (1897; both reprinted 1974). Whymper’s last journeys were in the Canadian Rockies (1901–05).

Mendele Moykher Sforim: …Kitsur massous Binyomin hashlishi (1875; The Travels and Adventures of Benjamin the Third), is a kind of Jewish Don Quixote. After living from 1869 to 1881 in Zhitomir (where he was trained as a rabbi), he became head of a traditional school for boys (Talmud Torah) at Odessa and was…

John Bell: … as a model for his Travels from St. Petersburg in Russia to Various Parts of Asia (1763). The book went through a number of editions and was translated into French.

William George Browne: …account of the event in Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria (1799, enlarged ed. 1806). In 1812 he began a journey from England to the city of Samarkand, now in Uzbekistan, and was murdered by robbers on the road through Iran from Tabrīz to Tehrān. Browne’s works were notable for…

Arabian Desert: Study and exploration: …on the geography of Arabia, Travels in Arabia Deserta (1888), was written by English traveler Charles M. Doughty. At the turn of the 20th century, Czech explorer Alois Musil traveled through northern Hejaz and Najd, mapping topography as he went. In 1917 H. St. John Philby, an official of the

socialism: Utopian socialism: …novel Voyage en Icarie (1840; Travels in Icaria), by the French socialist Étienne Cabet. Icaria was to be a self-sufficient community, combining industry with farming, of about one million people. In practice, however, the Icaria that Cabet founded in Illinois in the 1850s was about the size of a Fourierist…

Eggert Ólafsson: …work Reise igiennem Island (1772; Travels in Iceland) records a scientific and cultural survey he carried out in 1752–57. Travels in Iceland gives a comprehensive description of the country and its people.

Dominique Vivant, Baron Denon: …results were published in his Travels in Lower and Upper Egypt (1802). In 1804 Napoleon made Denon director general of museums, a post he retained until 1815. In this capacity he accompanied the emperor on his expeditions to Austria, Spain, and Poland and advised him in his choice of works…

William Martin Leake: …in the Morea (1830) and Travels in Northern Greece (1835), which, in addition to their archaeological significance, provided a vivid account of the condition of Greece in the last years of Turkish rule. He donated his marble sculptures to the British Museum, London, in 1839; and his coins, bronzes, and…

André Gide: Great creative period: …published Voyage au Congo (1927; Travels in the Congo), in which he criticized French colonial policies. The compassionate, objective concern for humanity that marks the final phase of Gide’s life found expression in political activities at this time. He became the champion of society’s victims and outcasts, demanding more humane…

Maximilian, prince zu Wied-Neuwied: (1839–41; Travels in the Interior of North America). An English translation of parts of his field journal was published in People of the First Man: Life Among the Plains Indians in Their Final Days of Glory (1976).

William Martin Leake: …devoted himself to scholarship, publishing Travels in the Morea (1830) and Travels in Northern Greece (1835), which, in addition to their archaeological significance, provided a vivid account of the condition of Greece in the last years of Turkish rule. He donated his marble sculptures to the British Museum, London, in…

Paul Auster: Travels in the Scriptorium (2007) centres on an unidentified man as he attempts to discern his own identity and how he came to be in the room where he sits—all the while receiving a series of characters from earlier works by Auster. Man in the…

Edmund Wilson: …for it was collected in Travels in Two Democracies (1936), dialogues, essays, and a short story about the Soviet Union and the United States; The Triple Thinkers (1938), which dealt with writers involved in multiple meanings; The Wound and the Bow (1941), about art and neurosis; and The Boys in…

Gulliver’s Travels, four-part satirical work by Anglo-Irish author Jonathan Swift, published anonymously in 1726 as Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. A keystone of English literature, it is one of the books that contributed to the emergence of the novel as a literary form in

Jean-Jacques Barthélemy: …siècle avant l’ère vulgaire (1788; Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece), a rambling account by an aged Scythian of a journey through Greece that he had taken as a young man for the sake of his education. Into this book, set in the 4th century bc, Barthélemy poured the…

Ibn Jubayr: Broadhurst, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, 1952; French trans. by Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Voyages, 1949–56).

Chinese literature: 19th-century native prose and poetry: …E, whose Laocan youji (1904–07; The Travels of Lao Can ), a fictional account of contemporary life, pointed to the problems confronting the tottering Qing dynasty.

Marco Polo: Compilation of Il milione: Soon after his return to Venice, Polo was taken prisoner by the Genoese—great rivals of the Venetians at sea—during a skirmish or battle in the Mediterranean. He was then imprisoned in Genoa, where he had a felicitous encounter with a prisoner from Pisa,…

Fernão Mendes Pinto: The Travels of Mendes Pinto), a literary masterpiece depicting the impression made on a European by Asian civilization, notably that of China, in the 16th century.

Sir John Mandeville: …tales from around the world, The Voyage and Travels of Sir John Mandeville, Knight, generally known as The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. The tales are selections from the narratives of genuine travelers, embellished with Mandeville’s additions and described as his own adventures.

Travels Through France and Italy, work by Tobias Smollett, published in 1766. The breakdown of Smollett’s health and the death of his 15-year-old daughter in 1763 precipitated a yearlong journey through France and Italy. He traveled across France to Nice and through Italy, including Genoa and

William Bartram: …their primeval condition in his Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791), called Travels for short. The book was influential among the English and French Romantics. Bartram was also noted for his renderings of plants and animals.

Jonathan Carver: …in 1778 in London as Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years 1766, 1767, 1768; it was an immediate success and eventually went through more than 30 editions. The book gives a vivid picture of the rich lands and Indian inhabitants of the upper Mississippi River…

James Bruce: …of his observations, published in Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1790), was questioned in Britain, partly because he had first told the French court of his discoveries. Reports by later travelers, however, confirmed the accuracy of his account.

Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes, journal by Robert Louis Stevenson, published in 1879. Recovering on the French Riviera from a respiratory ailment, Stevenson spent 12 days walking 120 miles from the town of Le Monastier to Saint-Jean-du-Gard in the Cévennes mountain range, accompanied only by

John Steinbeck: Steinbeck’s later writings—which include Travels with Charley: In Search of America (1962), about Steinbeck’s experiences as he drove across the United States—were interspersed with three conscientious attempts to reassert his stature as a major novelist: Burning Bright (1950), East of Eden (1952), and The Winter of Our Discontent (1961).…

George Cukor: Last films: …originally intended for Katharine Hepburn, Travels with My Aunt (1972) was unexceptional. Only Love Among the Ruins (1975), a made-for-television romantic comedy shot in England with Hepburn and Laurence Olivier, and The Corn Is Green (1979), also made for television, with Katharine Hepburn in the role of a spinster schoolteacher…

B. Traven was a novelist noted as a writer of adventure stories and as a chronicler of rural life in Mexico. A recluse, Traven refused personal data to publishers; hence many theories have arisen as to his parentage, his nationality, and his general identity. Most of his books were originally

Second Northern War: …alliance and to sign the Treaty of Traventhal (August 1700), which restored the status quo. Charles next confronted the Russians, victoriously attacking them at Narva (November 30, 1700). He then turned against the Poles and the Saxons, occupying Courland and forcing Augustus to retreat into Poland. Determined to depose Augustus,…

roller coaster: Expansion in the United States: …noted inventors Frederick Church and Harry Traver. Riders of the Bobs traveled along 3,253 feet (991.5 metres) of track with 16 hills and 12 curves.

Ben Travers was a British dramatist who was one of Britain’s most successful comic playwrights of the 20th century. As a young man working for his father’s wholesale grocery business in Malaya [now in Malaysia], he was deeply influenced by the plays of Sir Arthur Wing Pinero. After World War I he

Rhaetian dialects: …else until the work of Gian Travers (1483–1563), a Protestant writer. The Upper Engadine dialect (spoken around Samedan and Saint Moritz) is attested from the 16th century, notably with the Swiss Lutheran Jacob Bifrun’s translation of the New Testament. Both dialects have had a flourishing local literature since the 19th…

golf: U.S. tournaments and players: Jerome D. Travers, the next great American champion, was a player with indomitable courage and nerve that rarely failed him. He won the U.S. Amateur Championship (1907–08, 1912–13) and the U.S. Open title (1915).

Peter, Paul and Mary: Village, Yarrow, Stookey, and Travers formed a group in 1961. Playing in folk clubs and on college campuses, they built a youthful following with their lyricism, tight harmonies, and spare sound, usually accompanied only by Yarrow and Stookey on acoustic guitars. With their records and television appearances, they popularized…

Peter, Paul and Mary: Village, Yarrow, Stookey, and Travers formed a group in 1961. Playing in folk clubs and on college campuses, they built a youthful following with their lyricism, tight harmonies, and spare sound, usually accompanied only by Yarrow and Stookey on acoustic guitars. With their records and television appearances, they popularized…

krypton: …chemists Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in the residue left after a sample of liquid air had boiled almost entirely away.

P.L. Travers was an Australian English writer known for her Mary Poppins books, about a magical nanny. The books insightfully explored the fraught relationship between children and adults through a combination of mythological allusion and biting social critique. Goff was known to have embroidered

P.L. Travers was an Australian English writer known for her Mary Poppins books, about a magical nanny. The books insightfully explored the fraught relationship between children and adults through a combination of mythological allusion and biting social critique. Goff was known to have embroidered

Richard Hooker: Master of the Temple: …candidate for this position was Walter Travers, an ardent Calvinist who had written A Full and Plaine Declaration of Ecclesiastical Discipline out of the Word of God (1574); although he had not received Anglican orders, he was made lecturer (preacher) of the Temple Church. Hooker, a loyal Anglican, preached in…

flute: Historical developments: …the flauto traverso, traversa, or German flute, as distinct from the common flute, usually called the recorder.

Ambrose Of Camaldoli was a Humanist, ecclesiastic, and patristic translator who helped effect the brief reunion of the Eastern and Western churches in the 15th century. He entered the Camaldolese Order in 1400 at Florence, where, over a period of 30 years, he mastered Latin and particularly Greek,

Traverse City, city, seat (1851) of Grand Traverse county, northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. It is located at the southern end of Grand Traverse Bay (West Arm), an embayment of Lake Michigan. Settled in 1847 and named for the bay, it developed from a timber town into one of the

petit jury, a group chosen from the citizens of a district to try a question of fact. Distinct from the grand jury, which formulates accusations, the petit jury tests the accuracy of such accusations by standards of proof. Generally, the petit jury’s function is to deliberate questions of fact,

Mouloud Mammeri: …destruction of the Aztecs, and La Traversée (1982; “The Crossing”), a novel that centred on an alienated journalist’s attempt to return to his Berber roots.

surveying: Basic control surveys: …of horizontal control is the traverse, which consists of a series of marked stations connected by measured courses and the measured angles between them. When such a series of distances and angles returns to its point of beginning or begins and ends at stations of superior (more accurate) control, it…

travertine, dense, banded rock composed of calcite (calcium carbonate, CaCO3). Formed by the evaporation of river and spring waters, it is a variety of limestone that has a light colour and takes a good polish; it is often used for walls and interior decorations in public buildings. Travertine

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Family Lutrochidae (travertine beetles) 1 genus (Lutrochus); found near streams; distribution limited to New World. Family Psephenidae (water-penny beetles) Larvae flat, almost circular; a few species, mostly in India, North America. Family

Tom Stoppard: Plays: …Inspector Hound (1968), Jumpers (1972), Travesties (1974; Tony Award for best play), Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1978), Night and Day (1978), Undiscovered Country (1980, adapted from a play by Arthur Schnitzler), and On the Razzle (1981, adapted from a play by Johann Nestroy). The Tony-winning The

John Hawkes: …& the Traveler (1974), and Travesty (1976) explore the concepts of marriage and freedom to unsettling effect. The Passion Artist (1979) and Virginie: Her Two Lives (1982) are tales of sexual obsession. Hawkes’s later works include Adventures in the Alaskan Skin Trade (1985), whose narrator is a middle-aged woman; Whistlejacket…

travesty, in literature, the treatment of a noble and dignified subject in an inappropriately trivial manner. Travesty is a crude form of burlesque in which the original subject matter is changed little but is transformed into something ridiculous through incongruous language and style. An early

Mario Vargas Llosa: First publications and life as an expatriate: …de la niña mala (2006; The Bad Girl) in Paris during this period, its plot a reflection of Vargas Llosa’s lifelong appreciation of French novelist Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary (1857).

Merle Travis was an American country singer, songwriter, and guitarist who popularized the complex guitar-picking technique now known as the Travis style, or Travis picking, whereby the index finger plays the melody while the thumb plays rhythmic accompaniment. Travis was also a popular singer and

Merle Travis was an American country singer, songwriter, and guitarist who popularized the complex guitar-picking technique now known as the Travis style, or Travis picking, whereby the index finger plays the melody while the thumb plays rhythmic accompaniment. Travis was also a popular singer and

Randy Travis is an American country music singer-songwriter and actor known musically as being a new traditionalist, or neo-traditionalist, preferring to explore classic country over the urban cowboy sound that was popular when he gained fame in the mid-1980s. Throughout his career, he won numerous

Walter Travis was the first U.S. golfer to win the British Amateur championship (1904) and is considered one of the greatest putters in golf history. He also won the U.S. Amateur title three times (1900, 1901, 1903). Travis, who was a resident of the New York City area, first began to play

Alamo: …by Colonels James Bowie and William B. Travis and included the renowned frontiersman Davy Crockett. At the beginning of the siege, Travis dispatched “To the People of Texas & all Americans in the world” an impassioned letter requesting support (see primary source document: “Victory or Death” message from the Alamo).…

Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains: Plains life before the horse: Dogs drew the travois, a vehicle consisting of two poles in the shape of a V, with the open end of the V dragging on the ground; burdens were placed on a platform that bridged the two poles. Because of the limitations inherent in using only dogs and…

John Travolta is an American actor and singer who became a cultural icon of the 1970s, especially known for his roles in the TV series Welcome Back, Kotter (1975–79) and the blockbuster film Saturday Night Fever (1977). He faded from the limelight during the next decade but reemerged as one of

John Travolta is an American actor and singer who became a cultural icon of the 1970s, especially known for his roles in the TV series Welcome Back, Kotter (1975–79) and the blockbuster film Saturday Night Fever (1977). He faded from the limelight during the next decade but reemerged as one of

Lina Wertmüller: …destino nell’azzurro mare d’agosto (1974; Swept Away), a witty comedy in which a poor sailor establishes his dominance over a haughty rich woman while they are marooned on a deserted island, and Pasqualino settebellezze (1975; Seven Beauties), a film about an Italian dandy who must betray all moral values while…

net: Seine nets, trawls, dredges, and long lines are all varieties of surrounding nets. Of these, the most widely used are the seine and the trawl. Beach, or drag, seines can be hauled onto a beach with their contents; others, called purse seines, are operated from boats in…

trawler, fishing vessel that uses a trawl, a conical net that snares fish by being dragged through the water or along the bottom. Trawlers vary according to the method of towing the net. On side trawlers, the trawl is set and hauled over the side with power winches or manually by a large crew.

commercial fishing: …gear, such as gillnets or bottom trawls, results in substantial bycatch (the incidental catch of non-target species); some estimates state that bycatch may amount to as much as 40 percent of the global catch. The sustainable management of fisheries is key to both the health of aquatic ecosystems and the…

baking: Ovens: …at the ends, or the tray oven, with a rigid baking platform carried on chain belts. Other types include the peel oven, having a fixed hearth of stone or brick on which the loaves are placed with a wooden paddle or peel; the reel oven, with shelves rotating on a…

Veda: …and Sama—were known as the trayi-vidya (“threefold knowledge”). A fourth collection of hymns, magic spells, and incantations is known as the Atharvaveda (“Knowledge of the Fire Priest”), which includes various local traditions and remains partly outside the Vedic sacrifice.

Bill Traylor was an African American self-taught artist who, over the course of three years starting at age 85, created some 1,200 drawings and paintings of people and animals. Scant information exists on Traylor’s early life, but it is well documented that Traylor was born into slavery, the son of

Bill Traylor was an African American self-taught artist who, over the course of three years starting at age 85, created some 1,200 drawings and paintings of people and animals. Scant information exists on Traylor’s early life, but it is well documented that Traylor was born into slavery, the son of

Randy Travis is an American country music singer-songwriter and actor known musically as being a new traditionalist, or neo-traditionalist, preferring to explore classic country over the urban cowboy sound that was popular when he gained fame in the mid-1980s. Throughout his career, he won numerous

trazodone, drug used to treat depression and to induce sedation in persons with certain anxiety disorders and sleep disorders. Trazodone works by causing an increase in levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps maintain mental balance. Trazodone is taken orally, typically starting at a low

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa (TRC), courtlike body established by the new South African government in 1995 to help heal the country and bring about a reconciliation of its people by uncovering the truth about human rights violations that had occurred during the period of

depression: Treatments for depression: Some individuals experience treatment-resistant depression (TRD), meaning that their symptoms do not respond adequately to standard therapies. For those individuals, scientists have been investigating alternative approaches, including deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), ketamine and esketamine therapies, and other neuromodulation techniques. In DBS, experimental research has…

Green Day: May 4, 1972, Berkeley), and Tré Cool (byname of Frank Edwin Wright III, b. December 9, 1972, Willits, California). Other members have included Al Sobrante (byname of John Kiffmeyer).

Italian literature: The veristi and other narrative writers: …Eyes”) and Tre croci (1920; Three Crosses). Tozzi, however, belongs psychologically and stylistically to the 20th century.

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: …novel about the working classes, Tre operai (1934; “Three Workmen”); Cesare Pavese produced Paesi tuoi (1941; “Your Lands”; Eng. trans. The Harvesters); and Elio Vittorini wrote Conversazione in Sicilia (1941; Conversation in Sicily); all definitely promised a new literary development. From these

Riccardo Bacchelli: Of Bacchelli’s later historical novels, I tre schiavi di Giulio Cesare (1958; “The Three Slaves of Julius Caesar”) is outstanding. Among his critical works are Confessioni letterarie (1932; “Literary Declarations”) and a later work on two literary figures he greatly admired, Leopardi e Manzoni (1960). Bacchelli’s early short stories have…

mandibulofacial dysostosis, a rare, genetic disorder, inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait and characterized by some or all of the following: underdevelopment of the cheek and jaw bones, widely separated eyes, malformation of the lower eyelid and lack of eyelashes, malformation of the ear

The Treachery of Images, oil on canvas painting by Belgian artist René Magritte, completed in 1929. It is considered a notable work of Surrealist art, as well as one of Magritte’s most famous paintings. Since 1978 it has been displayed at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). The Treachery

molasses, syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of cane or beet juice. Molasses syrup is separated from sugar crystals by means of centrifuging. Separation from the sugar crystals occurs repeatedly during the manufacturing process, resulting in several different grades of molasses; that