Second Northern War: By the Treaties of Stockholm (1719–20), Sweden, Saxony, and Poland returned to the status quo ante bellum, and Denmark gave back its conquests to Sweden in return for a substantial sum of money. Sweden ceded Bremen to Hanover and gave up Stettin (Szczecin) and part of Swedish…

Stockholm, län (county) of east-central Sweden. It lies along the Baltic Sea and surrounds Stockholm, the national capital and seat of the län’s governor, yet is administratively separate from that city. The län includes parts of the traditional landskap (provinces) of Södermanland (south) and

Stockholm Bloodbath, (Nov. 8–9, 1520), the mass execution of Swedish nobles by the Danish king Christian II (reigned 1513–23), which led to the final phase of the Swedish war of secession from the Kalmar Union of the three Scandinavian kingdoms under Danish paramountcy. With the support of the

Johan Henrik Kellgren: …with the influential literary journal Stockholmsposten, which he edited in the years 1780–84 and 1788–95. A sensuous poet and a radical defender of the Enlightenment from Voltaire to the French Revolution, Kellgren used his literary and intellectual skills to attack superstition and criticize a broad array of social vices. He…

knitting: …knitting, this structure is called stockinette. Pile-surfaced fabrics produced by variations of the plain knit include velour and fake furs. Rib knits have pronounced lengthwise ribs formed by wales alternating on both sides of the fabric. These knits are fairly heavy, have good elasticity, and are more durable than the…

plain stitch, basic knitting stitch in which each loop is drawn through other loops to the right side of the fabric. The loops form vertical rows, or wales, on the fabric face, giving it a sheen, and crosswise rows, or courses, on the back. Plain-stitch knitting is a filling knit construction and

dress: Colonial America: Stockings were either knitted or cut from woven cloth and sewn to fit the leg. They were attached to men’s breeches by points, or strings, which were also used to secure other garments; later, sashlike garters replaced points. Both men and women wore stout leather…

stocking frame, Knitting machine invented in 1589 that produced a stocking stitch. Knitted fabrics are constructed by the interlocking of a series of loops made from one or more yarns, with each row of loops caught into the previous row; the stocking frame allowed production of a complete row of

anchor: The stockless anchor (Figure 2), which was patented in England in 1821, came into wide use principally because of its ease of handling and stowing. The crown, arms, and flukes of a stockless anchor are cast in one piece and can pivot slightly from side to…

Boyz II Men: The members of Boyz II Men grew up in separate

Boyz II Men: The members of Boyz II Men grew up in separate

Christian Friedrich, baron von Stockmar was a German physician who became influential in Belgian and then in British politics, as secretary to King Leopold I of the Belgians and as adviser to Queen Victoria and Albert, the prince consort, of Great Britain. His ardent constitutionalism helped to

storage: Storage facilities must also serve as a reservoir to accommodate seasonal and fluctuating demand. Efficiency in the transportation of goods often makes the accumulation of a reserve in storage (called stockpiling) advisable. Stockpiling is often advisable for greatest production efficiency as well, for it enables…

Stockport, urban area (from 2011 built-up area) and metropolitan borough in the southeastern part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, northwestern England. Most of the borough, including the historic town of Stockport, lies in the historic county of Cheshire, but it includes an area

Stockport: Stockport, urban area (from 2011 built-up area) and metropolitan borough in the southeastern part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, northwestern England. Most of the borough, including the historic town of Stockport, lies in the historic county of Cheshire, but it includes an area…

pillory: …were the feet in the stocks) so as to be held fast and exposed in front of it. In a more-complicated form of the instrument, the frame consisted of a perforated iron circle that could secure the head and hands of several persons at the same time, but, in the…

collective behavior: Impact and stocktaking period: In disasters such as floods and some hurricanes there is a distinctly long period of impact, which can be separated from a subsequent period of stocktaking or immobility. In earthquakes and explosions, on the other hand, the impact is so brief that the…

Stockton, city, seat (1850) of San Joaquin county, north-central California, U.S. It lies along the San Joaquin River, 40 miles (65 km) south of Sacramento. Connected westward with San Francisco Bay by the river’s 78-mile (126-km) channel, Stockton is, with Sacramento, one of the state’s two inland

Stockton & Darlington Railway, in England, first railway in the world to operate freight and passenger service with steam traction. In 1821 George Stephenson, who had built several steam engines to work in the Killingworth colliery, heard of Edward Pease’s intention of building an 8-mile (12.9-km)

physical culture: Bodybuilding: Abbye (“Pudgy”) Stockton, the first woman bodybuilder, and her husband, Les, were gym owners on Sunset Boulevard and early participants at Muscle Beach. Another regular, Harold Zinkin, invented the Universal Gym in 1957. (Universal machines have weight stacks that allow quick changes in resistance and…

Frank Stockton was an American popular novelist and short-story writer of mainly humorous fiction, best known as the author of the title story of a collection called The Lady, or the Tiger? (1884). Stockton refused to study medicine as his father wished and became a wood engraver. He contributed to

Frank Stockton was an American popular novelist and short-story writer of mainly humorous fiction, best known as the author of the title story of a collection called The Lady, or the Tiger? (1884). Stockton refused to study medicine as his father wished and became a wood engraver. He contributed to

Frank Stockton was an American popular novelist and short-story writer of mainly humorous fiction, best known as the author of the title story of a collection called The Lady, or the Tiger? (1884). Stockton refused to study medicine as his father wished and became a wood engraver. He contributed to

John Stockton is a former professional basketball player who is considered one of the greatest point guards ever to play the sport. In his 19-year career with the Utah Jazz, he set National Basketball Association (NBA) records for most career assists (15,806) and steals (3,265). Stockton played

John Stockton is a former professional basketball player who is considered one of the greatest point guards ever to play the sport. In his 19-year career with the Utah Jazz, he set National Basketball Association (NBA) records for most career assists (15,806) and steals (3,265). Stockton played

Harold Macmillan was a British politician who was prime minister from January 1957 to October 1963. The son of an American-born mother and the grandson of a founder of the London publishing house of Macmillan & Co., he was educated at Balliol College, Oxford. He distinguished himself in combat

physical culture: Bodybuilding: Abbye (“Pudgy”) Stockton, the first woman bodybuilder, and her husband, Les, were gym owners on Sunset Boulevard and early participants at Muscle Beach. Another regular, Harold Zinkin, invented the Universal Gym in 1957. (Universal machines have weight stacks that allow quick changes in resistance and…

Robert F. Stockton was a U.S. naval officer and public leader who helped conquer California in the Mexican-American War (1846–48). Joining the navy as a midshipman, Stockton saw action in the War of 1812 and in the war against the Barbary pirates (1815). At home he was active (1828–38) in the

Robert F. Stockton was a U.S. naval officer and public leader who helped conquer California in the Mexican-American War (1846–48). Joining the navy as a midshipman, Stockton saw action in the War of 1812 and in the war against the Barbary pirates (1815). At home he was active (1828–38) in the

Stockton-on-Tees, town and unitary authority, northeastern England. The unitary authority encompasses an area on both sides of the River Tees. The section north of the Tees, including the historic town of Stockton, forms part of the geographic and historic county of Durham. The section to the south

StockX is an online marketplace and resale platform founded in 2015 as an e-commerce site for die-hard sneaker collectors (“sneakerheads”) to sell their shoes on a secondary market. Since its public launch in 2016, it has expanded to sell luxury apparel, electronics, and other collectibles. The

Josef Hoffmann: …important early work, and his Stoclet House (1905) in Brussels is considered his masterpiece. The exterior of that opulent structure achieved a monumental elegance not often associated with design based on straight lines and white squares and rectangles.

Richard Henry Stoddard: His wife Elizabeth was a novelist and poet, and their house was a leading gathering place for writers and artists in the last 30 years of the 19th century. Stoddard’s autobiography, Recollections Personal and Literary, was published in 1903.

Richard Henry Stoddard was an American poet, critic, and editor, more important as a figure in New York literary circles in the late 19th century than for his own verse. Abraham Lincoln, An Horatian Ode (1865) and parts of Songs of Summer (1857) and The Book of the East (1867) can still be read

Fraser Stoddart was a Scottish-American chemist who was the first to successfully synthesize a mechanically interlocked molecule, known as a catenane, thereby helping to establish the field of mechanical bond chemistry. Stoddart’s research enabled the development of self-assembly processes and

Fraser Stoddart was a Scottish-American chemist who was the first to successfully synthesize a mechanically interlocked molecule, known as a catenane, thereby helping to establish the field of mechanical bond chemistry. Stoddart’s research enabled the development of self-assembly processes and

Fraser Stoddart was a Scottish-American chemist who was the first to successfully synthesize a mechanically interlocked molecule, known as a catenane, thereby helping to establish the field of mechanical bond chemistry. Stoddart’s research enabled the development of self-assembly processes and

Adolf Stoecker was a cleric, conservative politician, and reformer who founded the German Christian Social Party and promoted political antisemitism in Germany. An army chaplain during the Franco-German War (1870–71), Stoecker secured appointment as a court preacher at the cathedral in Berlin in

Alaska Purchase: Background and purchase: …year after the war’s conclusion, Baron Eduard de Stoeckl, Russian minister to the United States, was instructed by Emperor Alexander II to open negotiations for its sale. The cost and logistical difficulties of supplying the territory had made it an economic liability to the Russians, who were additionally struggling with…

Stung Treng, town, northeastern Cambodia. Stung Treng lies at the confluence of the San, Kong, and Mekong rivers. It is linked to Phnom Penh, the national capital, and to Laos by a national highway. The area around Stung Treng is inhabited by the mountain Mon-Khmer, valley Khmer, and Lao Tai

Zendaya is an American actor, singer, and dancer who first gained fame for comedic roles on the Disney Channel and later transitioned to more complex and critically acclaimed parts such as Rue Bennett in the HBO series Euphoria (2019–26), for which she won two Emmy Awards. Over the years the

Hermann Oberth: In 1959 he published Stoff und Leben (“Material and Life”). Oberth posited in this work that materialism, the philosophy on which communism is based, is incorrect and further that aspects of human life such as the soul could not be explained by material reason.

Rembrandt: Domestic turmoil: In 1649 Hendrickje Stoffels, a young woman from Breedevoort in the eastern part of Gelderland, succeeded Dirckx, first in the function of housekeeper, later in Rembrandt’s affection. The problems associated with Titus’s inheritance prevented Rembrandt from marrying the young Stoffels, who bore him a child and lived…

Wars of the Vendée: Jean-Nicolas Stofflet were joined by royalist nobles such as Charles Bonchamps, Marquis de Bonchamps, Maurice Gigost d’Elbée, François-Athanase Charette de La Contrie, and Henri du Vergier, Count de La Rochejaquelein. In May the rebels (about 30,000 strong) took the towns of Thouars, Parthenay, and Fontenay,…

Macarius: …reform was consolidated by the Stoglavy Sobor (Council of the Hundred Chapters) at Moscow in 1551, when his new codification of Russian church law, administration, and rites was approved by the assembly of bishops. The Russianizing of Orthodoxy also had its aesthetic consequence in the development of a Muscovite religious…

Georg W. Steller was a German-born zoologist and botanist who served as a naturalist aboard the ship St. Peter during the years 1741–42, as part of the Great Northern Expedition, which aimed to map a northern sea route from Russia to North America. During that expedition, while stranded on what is

Edmund Stoiber is a German politician who was leader of Bavaria’s Christian Social Union (CSU) from 1999 to 2007. Stoiber finished law school at age 30 and joined the CSU, the Bavarian partner of the federal Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Three years later he was elected to the Bavarian state

Theodore Dreiser: Life: …helped him complete most of The Stoic, the long-postponed third volume of his Yerkes trilogy, in the weeks before his death. Both The Bulwark and The Stoic were published posthumously (1946 and 1947, respectively). A collection of Dreiser’s philosophical speculations, Notes on Life, appeared in 1974.

nonstoichiometric compound: …berthollide compounds in distinction from daltonides (in which the atomic ratios are those of small integers), nonstoichiometric compounds are best known among the transition elements. Several of them are important as components of solid-state electronic devices, such as rectifiers, thermoelectric generators, photodetectors, thermistors, and magnets useful in high-frequency circuits.

stoichiometry, in chemistry, the determination of the proportions in which elements or compounds react with one another. The rules followed in the determination of stoichiometric relationships are based on the laws of conservation of mass and energy and the law of combining weights or volumes. See

Hristo Stoichkov is a Bulgarian football (soccer) player who was an explosive striker, noted for his fierce competitiveness. Stoichkov began his soccer career early. By age 12 he was playing for Maritza Plovdiv in the Bulgarian second division, where his goal-scoring prowess earned him a contract

Stoicism, a school of thought that flourished in Greek and Roman history of Classical antiquity. It was one of the loftiest and most sublime philosophies in the record of Western civilization. In urging participation in human affairs, Stoics have always believed that the goal of all inquiry is to

Konstantin Stoilov was a Bulgarian statesman, founder and leader of the conservative People’s Party, and prime minister of Bulgaria (1887, 1894–99) who played an important role in establishing the country’s democratic institutions and in fostering Bulgaria’s increased involvement with western

Milan Stojadinović was a Serbian politician, Yugoslav minister of finance from 1922 to 1926, and premier and foreign minister of Yugoslavia from 1935 to 1939. After graduation from the University of Belgrade in 1910, he studied in Germany, England, and France and then served in the Serbian ministry

Sacramento Kings: …by forwards Chris Webber and Peja Stojakovic, had the best record in the NBA and reached the Western Conference finals, which it lost to the Los Angeles Lakers in an exciting seven-game series.

Elvis Stojko is a Canadian figure skater whose outstanding jumping ability helped him win three world titles (1994, 1995, and 1997) and two Olympic silver medals (1994 and 1998). By the time he was two and a half, Stojko knew he wanted to skate. In 1988 he was Canadian junior national champion, and

viscosity: …centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system, called the stokes in Britain and the stoke in the U.S., is named for the British physicist Sir George Gabriel Stokes. The stoke is defined as one centimetre squared per second.

Buckinghamshire: Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury is internationally known for its treatment of spinal-cord injuries and has hosted the World Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games—the forerunner of the Paralympic Games—since 1948. The town of Olney, in north Buckinghamshire, was the home of the 18th-century poet William Cowper.

Hackney: Stoke Newington was a site of Paleolithic settlement, and it later became a Saxon village. Roman remains were discovered in the 18th century in the Hackney Marshes in the eastern part of the borough, an area that now contains football (soccer) and cricket fields. Shoreditch…

Stoke Poges, town (parish), South Bucks district, administrative and historic county of Buckinghamshire, southeastern England. It lies on the lower slopes of the Chiltern Hills, just north of Slough. Stoke Poges, situated just west of Greater London, has become a fashionable residential area, with

United Kingdom: Dynastic threats: …triumphant in war; at the Battle of Stoke, de la Pole was killed and Simnel captured and demoted to a scullery boy in the royal kitchen. Ten years later Henry had to do it all over again, this time with a handsome Flemish lad named Perkin Warbeck, who for six…

Stoke-on-Trent, city and unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Staffordshire, west-central England, consisting of the industrial ceramic-producing area known as the Potteries. Ceramics is the chief industry, although metalworking, glass, and rubber are also important. The city of

pottery: Porcelain: …of Minton’s was founded at Stoke-upon-Trent in 1793 by Thomas Minton, a Caughley engraver said to have devised for Spode the Broseley Blue Dragon and Willow patterns that are still in use. Like Coalport, the factory was much occupied in copying the work of Sèvres. From 1848 to 1895 they…

stoker, machine for feeding coal or other solid fuel into a furnace, usually supporting the fuel during combustion. A good stoker also supplies air for combustion and regulates the rate of burning and, in large installations, disposes of the ashes. Use of stokers affords substantial fuel savings

Park Chan-Wook: Later works: The Handmaiden, Decision to Leave, and No Other Choice: …came with the Hitchcockian thriller Stoker (2013), headlined by Nicole Kidman and produced by Ridley Scott. Although not a massive box-office success, it is memorable for Park’s signature visual touches and bold match cuts (film edits that smoothly link two shots by their shared imagery or sound elements). In 2016…

Bram Stoker was an Irish writer best known as the author of the Gothic horror tale Dracula (1897). Stoker was the third of seven children born to Abraham Stoker, Sr., a civil servant at Dublin Castle, and Charlotte Thornley Stoker, a descendant of a Protestant family from western Ireland. Due to

Bram Stoker was an Irish writer best known as the author of the Gothic horror tale Dracula (1897). Stoker was the third of seven children born to Abraham Stoker, Sr., a civil servant at Dublin Castle, and Charlotte Thornley Stoker, a descendant of a Protestant family from western Ireland. Due to

viscosity: …centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system, called the stokes in Britain and the stoke in the U.S., is named for the British physicist Sir George Gabriel Stokes. The stoke is defined as one centimetre squared per second.

Stokes lines, radiation of particular wavelengths present in the line spectra associated with fluorescence and the Raman effect, named after Sir George Gabriel Stokes, a 19th-century British physicist. A molecule in its ground state is excited by a photon to a short-lived intermediate state. When

artillery: Mortars: The prototype of the modern mortar was a three-inch weapon developed by the Englishman Wilfred Stokes in 1915. This consisted of a smooth-bored tube, resting upon a baseplate and supported by a bipod, that had a fixed firing pin at its breech end. The bomb was a simple cylinder…

Donald Gresham Stokes, Baron Stokes was a British automobile executive who presided over the merger that resulted in British Leyland Motor Corporation, Ltd. (later renamed BL Public Limited Company), the largest automaker in England. Although Stokes had done well as managing director of Leyland

Stokes lines: …absorbed light is called the Stokes shift.

Stokes’s law, mathematical equation that expresses the drag force resisting the fall of small spherical particles through a fluid medium. The law, first set forth by the British scientist Sir George G. Stokes in 1851, is derived by consideration of the forces acting on a particular particle as it

mathematics: Linear algebra: …of a theory to which Stokes’s law (a special case of which is Green’s theorem) is central. The Gauss-Green-Stokes theorem, named after Gauss and two leading English applied mathematicians of the 19th century (George Stokes and George Green), generalizes the fundamental theorem of the calculus to functions of several variables.…

Ben Stokes is an English cricketer who has scored more than 10,000 runs and taken more than 300 wickets over his career. He is a left-handed batter and right-arm pace bowler. He first captained the England Test cricket team in 2020 and has served as the regular captain since 2022. Known in his

Carl Stokes was an American lawyer and politician, who became the first African American to serve as mayor of a major U.S. city, having been elected to that office in Cleveland, Ohio (1967–71). A young child when his father died, Stokes held a number of odd jobs to help support his family. He

Carl Stokes was an American lawyer and politician, who became the first African American to serve as mayor of a major U.S. city, having been elected to that office in Cleveland, Ohio (1967–71). A young child when his father died, Stokes held a number of odd jobs to help support his family. He

political science: Behavioralism: …1960s, and David Butler and Donald Stokes—one of the authors of The American Voter—adapted much of the American study in Political Change in Britain: Forces Shaping Electoral Choice (1969). They found that political generation (the era in which one was born) and “duration of partisanship” also predict party identification—that is,…

Donald Gresham Stokes, Baron Stokes was a British automobile executive who presided over the merger that resulted in British Leyland Motor Corporation, Ltd. (later renamed BL Public Limited Company), the largest automaker in England. Although Stokes had done well as managing director of Leyland

Sacramento Kings: …as forwards Jack Twyman and Maurice Stokes (whose enduring friendship, especially after Stokes became disabled, is one of professional sport’s most engaging stories). As the NBA continued to grow through the 1950s, the Royals relocated to the much larger city of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1957, adding center-forward Wayne Embry to…

Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet was a British physicist and mathematician noted for his studies of the behaviour of viscous fluids, particularly for his law of viscosity, which describes the motion of a solid sphere in a fluid, and for Stokes’s theorem, a basic theorem of vector analysis.

artillery: Mortars: …weapon developed by the Englishman Wilfred Stokes in 1915. This consisted of a smooth-bored tube, resting upon a baseplate and supported by a bipod, that had a fixed firing pin at its breech end. The bomb was a simple cylinder packed with explosive and fitted with a shotgun cartridge at…

William Stokes was a physician and the leading representative of the Irish, or Dublin, school of anatomical diagnosis, which emphasized clinical examination of patients in forming a diagnosis. He was also the author of two important works in the emerging field of cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Son

cardiology: …the vernacular of cardiology—for example, Adams-Stokes syndrome, a type of heart block named for Irish physicians Robert Adams and William Stokes; Austin Flint murmur, named for the American physician who discovered the disorder; and tetralogy of Fallot, a combination of congenital heart defects named for French

Stokesay, village (“parish”), administrative and historic county of Shropshire, Eng., best known for its castle (1240), one of the most notable fortified manor houses of England. It was fortified against Welsh marauders, and the south tower was added by the Ludlows, a landowning family who

Leopold Stokowski was a virtuoso British-born U.S. conductor known for his flamboyant showmanship and the rich sonorities of his orchestras and for his influence as a popularizer of classical music. Stokowski was trained at the Royal College of Music, London, and Queen’s College, Oxford, and held

STOL airplane, any of several fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing on runways considerably shorter than those needed by conventional aircraft. Most aircraft of this type require a runway no more than 150 metres (500 feet) long, which is about 10 times shorter than the average

dress: Ancient Rome: …of the chiton called a stola. As time passed, women took to wearing several garments one on top of the other, while the garments themselves were made of finer fabrics and were more lavishly decorated. The feminine cloak, the palla, resembled the Greek himation.

Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg: Stolberg and his brother Christian, noblemen who were actually Danish subjects, studied law at Halle and at Göttingen, where in 1772 both became members of the Göttinger Hain, a group that met to discuss their poems and to further the ideals of friendship, virtue, freedom, love of fatherland, and…

Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg was a German lyric poet of the Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) and early Romantic periods. Stolberg and his brother Christian, noblemen who were actually Danish subjects, studied law at Halle and at Göttingen, where in 1772 both became members of the

Treaty of Stolbovo, (1617), peace settlement concluded between Sweden and Russia ending Sweden’s intervention in Russia’s internal political affairs and blocking Russia from the Baltic Sea. In 1610 Muscovite leaders, faced with a succession crisis, a war with Poland, and peasant uprisings (Time of

Treaty of Stolbovo, (1617), peace settlement concluded between Sweden and Russia ending Sweden’s intervention in Russia’s internal political affairs and blocking Russia from the Baltic Sea. In 1610 Muscovite leaders, faced with a succession crisis, a war with Poland, and peasant uprisings (Time of

stole, ecclesiastical vestment worn by Roman Catholic deacons, priests, and bishops and by some Anglican, Lutheran, and other Protestant clergy. An ecclesiastical stole is usually made of silk and is 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) wide and about 8 feet (2.4 meters) long. It is typically the same color

baseball: Advancing base runners and scoring: …plays in baseball is the stolen base. A base runner may advance at his own risk on the bases at any time the ball is in play by stealing a base. To steal a base, a batter will take a “lead”—that is, advance a few steps off the base and…

Stolen Generations, the generations of Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islander peoples who, as children, were forcibly removed from their families by Australian state agencies and church missions from the mid-1800s to the 1970s. A national inquiry established by the Australian attorney

Michael Curtiz: The breakthrough years: That year he directed Stolen Holiday, starring Francis and Claude Rains; Mountain Justice, with a much less-distinguished cast; and the forgettable comedy The Perfect Specimen, in which Flynn portrayed a sheltered heir to a fortune. Curtiz’s most-notable film of the year was Kid Galahad (also released as The Battling…

Jean-Pierre Léaud: …at Twenty), Baisers volés (1968; Stolen Kisses), Domicile conjugale (1970; Bed and Board), and L’Amour en fuite (1979; Love on the Run). Léaud was perfectly suited to play the part of Doinel, an engaging and innocent young man who is not particularly well equipped to meet the responsibilities of adult…

Curtis Bernhardt: Early years in Hollywood: A Stolen Life (1946) is more convincing, with Bette Davis portraying twin sisters who both love Glenn Ford. In 1947 Bernhardt directed Possessed, featuring Joan Crawford in an Academy Award-nominated turn as a mentally unstable woman.

illicit antiquities: International responses: …the Unification of Private Law) Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects. Intended to remedy some of the deficiencies of the UNESCO convention, it had been ratified by more than 30 countries by the early 21st century.

Carpathian Mountains: Physiography of the Carpathian Mountains: …Ore Mountains (Slovenské Rudohorie), with Stolica (4,846 feet) as the highest peak; they are built of metamorphic rocks and of sedimentaries of the Paleozoic Era (more than 250 million years old). Also found there are tableland areas of Mesozoic limestones, about 150 million years old, containing such large caves as…