philosophy of mind: Qualitative states: …emerged in the wake of J.J.C. Smart’s discussions of identity theory is the suggestion that these apparent features of experience are not genuine properties “in the mind” or “in the world” but only the contents of mental representations (perhaps in a language of thought). Because this representationalist strategy may initially…

magic: Comparative religions: …approach, as is that of Ninian Smart, who devised a seven-dimensional (experiential, mythic, doctrinal, ethical, ritual, social, and material) worldview analysis for cross-cultural comparison that can be applied to different belief systems, whether called magic or religion. Likewise, Judaic scholar Jacob Neusner suggested the neutral rubric "modes of rationality" to…

SMART-1, first lunar probe of the European Space Agency. SMART-1 was launched on Sept. 27, 2003. The 367-kg (809-pound) probe had a xenon-ion engine that generated only 7 grams (0.2 ounce) of thrust, but it was sufficient to nudge SMART-1 from its first stop (the first Lagrangian point between

Smarta sect, orthodox Hindu sect composed of members of the “twice-born,” or initiated upper classes (Brahman, Kshatriya, and Vaishya), whose primarily Brahman followers are characterized by their allegiance to all the gods of the Hindu pantheon and by their adherence to rules of ritual and of

Will Arnett: Education and career: …Hayes, he launched the podcast SmartLess, where the three friends engage in good-natured ribbing and have a different guest on each week. Before each episode, the guest is known to only one of the three hosts. “There is no premise to the show,” Arnett told The Associated Press. “We start…

smartphone, mobile telephone with a display screen (typically a liquid crystal display, or LCD), built-in personal information management programs (such as an electronic calendar and address book)), and an operating system (OS) that allows other computer software to be installed for Web browsing,

smartwatch, a small smartphonelike device worn on the wrist. Many smartwatches are connected to a smartphone that notifies the user of incoming calls, e-mail messages, and notifications from applications. Some smartwatches can even make telephone calls. Many smartwatches have colour displays, but

Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae: The smartweed or buckwheat family, Polygonaceae, consists of popular vegetables and cultivated ornamentals. The most notable species is buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum); its edible seeds are used sometimes in flour, particularly for buckwheat pancakes, and portions of the plant are frequently included in animal feed.…

Smarty Jones, (foaled 2001), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) who in 2004 won the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes but lost at the Belmont Stakes, ending his bid for the Triple Crown of American horse racing. Smarty Jones was foaled at the 100-acre (40-hectare) Someday Farm in Chester

Patricia Barber: Later albums included Smash (2013), which features original material, and Higher (2019), a work of classically inspired original jazz.

the Who: …solo album, the darkly amusing Smash Your Head Against the Wall; Townshend issued his first solo album, Who Came First, in 1972; and Daltrey offered his, Daltrey, in 1973. Still, the Who continued apace, releasing Townshend’s second magnum rock opera, Quadrophenia, in 1973, The Who by Numbers in 1975, and…

Stuart Heisler: Films of the 1940s: ” Smash-Up: The Story of a Woman (1947) was from a Dorothy Parker story and scripted by John Howard Lawson, who would soon be blacklisted as one of the Hollywood Ten. The drama boasted a superb performance by Hayward that earned the actress her first Academy…

Smashing Pumpkins, American band, one of the most popular and influential alternative rock groups of the 1990s. Founded by guitarist and songwriter Billy Corgan in Chicago in 1988, the Smashing Pumpkins created a postpunk blend of progressive rock, grunge, and psychedelia that incorporated the

typewriter: Electric typewriters: …writing machine was pioneered by James Smathers in 1920.

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (SMB), network of state-run museums in Berlin, each specializing in a separate subject. Taken together, the museums encompass centuries of acquisitions in various disciplines and rank among the world’s finest collections of art and artifacts. The collections in each

Armenia: The Mamikonians and Bagratids: The governor Smbat Ablabas Bagratuni remained loyal to the caliph al-Mutawakkil when al-Mutawakkil sent his general Bughā al-Kabīr to bring the rebellious nakharars to submission, although Smbat too was dispatched in 855 with the rest of the captive nobles to Sāmarrāʿ.

supermassive black hole (SMBH), a black hole more than one hundred thousand times the mass of the Sun. Nearly every large galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its centre. Active galactic nuclei, such as Seyfert galaxies and quasars, are powered by supermassive black holes. The largest

Magellanic Cloud: …diameter, and the other, the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), measures less than 2° across. The Magellanic Clouds are visible to the unaided eye in the Southern Hemisphere, but they cannot be observed from most northern latitudes. The LMC is about 160,000 light-years from Earth, and the SMC lies 190,000 light-years…

Jacques Santer: …of the SME Union (Small and Medium Entrepreneurs Union), a network of probusiness conservative political organizations overseen by the European People’s Party. After stepping down from that post, he maintained the title of honorary president of the SME Union.

Foo Fighters: Formation and debut: …Day Real Estate, and guitarist Pat Smear, who had toured with Nirvana. Foo Fighters made their debut performance on February 19, 1995, in Seattle. Grohl subsequently licensed the Foo Fighters album to Capitol Records and released it in 1995 on his own label, Roswell Records. The album featured the singles…

cottage cheese: …preparation was also known as smearcase, from the German schmierkase.

speech: Singing and speaking: …rules are found in the portamento, a gliding change between two pitch levels, of Western song, used sparingly as an embellishment. Parlando singing is a speaking type of song, used in the recitativo of Italian opera style. In these intentionally communicative preludes to formal arias—because they tell most of the…

John Smeaton was an English engineer noted for his all-masonry lighthouse on Eddystone reef off Plymouth, Devon, and as the founder of the civil-engineering profession in Great Britain. Smeaton learned mathematical instrument making in London, where his scientific papers led to his election to the

civil engineering: History: …Engineers (now known as the Smeatonian Society). Its object was to bring together experienced engineers, entrepreneurs, and lawyers to promote the building of large public works, such as canals (and later railways), and to secure the parliamentary powers necessary to execute their schemes. Their meetings were held during parliamentary sessions;…

liquid crystal display: Electro-optical effects in liquid crystals: LCDs utilize either nematic or smectic liquid crystals. The molecules of nematic liquid crystals align themselves with their axes in parallel, as shown in the figure. Smectic liquid crystals, on the other hand, arrange themselves in layered sheets; within different smectic phases, as shown in the figure, the molecules may…

liquid crystal: Symmetries of liquid crystals: …in-plane rotational symmetry, present within smectic-A layers, is broken in the hexatic-B phase, but a proliferation of dislocations maintains continuous translational symmetry within its layers. A similar relationship holds between smectic-C and smectic-F. Crystal-B and crystal-G have molecular positions on regular crystal lattice sites, with long axes of molecules (directors)…

liquid crystal: Symmetries of liquid crystals: The smectic-C phase and those listed below it have molecules tilted with respect to the layers. Continuous in-plane rotational symmetry, present within smectic-A layers, is broken in the hexatic-B phase, but a proliferation of dislocations maintains continuous translational symmetry within its layers. A similar relationship holds…

liquid crystal: Symmetries of liquid crystals: …relationship holds between smectic-C and smectic-F. Crystal-B and crystal-G have molecular positions on regular crystal lattice sites, with long axes of molecules (directors) aligned, but allow rotation of molecules about their directors. These are the so-called plastic crystals. Many interesting liquid crystal phases are not listed in this table, including…

bentonite: …clay minerals belonging to the smectite group, which are hydrous aluminum silicates containing iron and magnesium as well as either sodium or calcium. Two types of bentonite are recognized, and the uses of each depend on specific physical properties.

bentonite, clay formed by the alteration of minute glass particles derived from volcanic ash. It was named for Fort Benton, Mont., near which it was discovered. The formation of bentonite involves the alteration of volcanic glass to clay minerals; this requires hydration (taking up or combination

Smectymnuus, acronym under which was published (1641) in England a book upholding the Presbyterian theory of the ministry in answer to the Anglican bishop Joseph Hall’s A Humble Remonstrance (1640–41). Hall replied to the Presbyterian attack. John Milton defended the Smectymnuus position in three

Agnes Smedley was a journalist and writer best known for a series of articles and books centred on her experiences in China during the growth of Chinese communism. Smedley grew up under straitened circumstances. At an early age she began working after school to help support her family, and she

Francis Alÿs is a Belgian-born Mexico-based conceptual artist who uses a variety of new and more-traditional media to evoke an often poetic sense of dislocation on social and political issues. Alÿs was raised in Herfelingen in Belgium, where his father was an appeals court justice. Trained as an

circumcision: …secrete a cheeselike substance called smegma. Accumulation of smegma beneath the foreskin may result in great discomfort and may serve as the source of a rather penetrating odour if cleanliness and hygiene are not observed.

Smila, city, Ukraine, on the Tyasmyn (Tiasmyn) River. The city was first established as a Cossack settlement in the late 16th century. In 1793 it came under Russian rule, and in the 19th century it became a significant sugar-refining centre. In the 20th century it developed a large food industry

smell, the detection and identification by sensory organs of airborne chemicals. The concept of smell, as it applies to humans, becomes less distinct when invertebrates and lower vertebrates (fish and amphibians) are considered, because many lower animals detect chemicals in the environment by

Ṣunʿ Allāh Ibrāhīm: The Smell of It, & Other Stories, also translated as That Smell). The work’s descriptions of the experience of imprisonment made it politically subversive, and it shocked Egyptian censors with its frank treatment of sexuality between inmates. The book was banned in Egypt, and two…

Larry Clark: … (2001), Wassup Rockers (2005), and The Smell of Us (2014). Marfa Girl (2012), which is set in Marfa, Texas, centres on a young woman who is raped; a sequel was released in 2018. Ken Park (2002; codirected with Ed Lachman), a drama about four teens that features graphic sex and…

olfactory receptor, protein capable of binding odour molecules that plays a central role in the sense of smell (olfaction). These receptors are common to arthropods, terrestrial vertebrates, fish, and other animals. In terrestrial vertebrates, including humans, the receptors are located on

This Is Spinal Tap: …support of their new album, Smell the Glove. The tour starts well, but a series of unfortunate events very quickly sends it into a downward spiral. Performances are canceled, the band’s record company is unhappy with an offensive album cover concept for Smell the Glove, virtually no one shows up…

William Smellie was a Scottish obstetrician who was the first to teach obstetrics and midwifery on a scientific basis. After 20 years of village practice, Smellie went to London to give obstetrical lecture-demonstrations to midwives and medical students. He delivered poor women free of charge if

William Smellie was a Scottish compiler of the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1768–71) and a distinguished natural historian. The son of a master builder and stonemason, Smellie left his grammar school at age 12 to be an apprenticed printer. Because the printing shop was near the

smelling salts, any of several different preparations of ammonia-based product and other ingredients used to revive a person affected by syncope (fainting). Historically, smelling salts contained ammonium carbonate and perfume; modern preparations typically consist of ammonia dissolved in water and

alternative rock: …into the mainstream when “Smells Like Teen Spirit”—the first major-label single from Nirvana, a trio based in Seattle, Washington, U.S.—became a national hit. Suddenly, older, difficult, and even anarchic movements, as well as a previous decade of do-it-yourself college rock, acquired a flashy beachhead on pop radio.

Robert Munsch: …Tooth (1998), Ribbon Rescue (1999), Smelly Socks (2004), Moose! (2011), and The Enormous Suitcase (2017). He was awarded the Order of Canada in 1999.

Neil Smelser was an American sociologist noted for his work on the application of sociological theory to the study of economic institutions, collective behaviour, social change, and personality and social structure. Smelser was a Rhodes scholar at the University of Oxford from 1952 to 1954 and

Neil Smelser was an American sociologist noted for his work on the application of sociological theory to the study of economic institutions, collective behaviour, social change, and personality and social structure. Smelser was a Rhodes scholar at the University of Oxford from 1952 to 1954 and

smelt, any of certain silvery, chiefly marine food fishes, family Osmeridae, closely related to salmon and trout and found in cold northern waters. Smelts, like trout, have a small, adipose (fleshy) fin. They are slender carnivores and spawn short distances upstream, in the surf or in ponds. The

silversides, any of several species of small slim schooling fish of the family Atherinidae (order Atheriniformes), found in freshwater and along coasts around the world in warm and temperate regions. Silversides are named for the wide silvery stripe usually present on each side. They have two

smelting, process by which a metal is obtained, either as the element or as a simple compound, from its ore by heating beyond the melting point, ordinarily in the presence of oxidizing agents, such as air, or reducing agents, such as coke. The first metal to be smelted in the ancient Middle East

iron processing: Smelting reduction: The scarcity of coking coals for blast-furnace use and the high cost of coke ovens are two reasons for the emergence of this other alternative iron-making process. Smelting reduction employs two units: in the first, iron ore is heated and reduced by gases…

Smendes was a king of ancient Egypt (c. 1076–52 bce), founder of the 21st dynasty (c. 1076–c. 944 bce), who established the capital at Tanis, in the northeast Nile River delta, while high priests of Amon ruled Thebes and Upper Egypt. Smendes, a native of the delta, probably secured his right to

Smenkhkare was a king (reigned c. 1336–34 bce) of the 18th dynasty (c. 1539–c. 1292 bce) of ancient Egypt, probably in coregency with Akhenaton, his predecessor, for most of the period. Smenkhkare’s origin and identity remain among the unresolved issues of the Amarna period. The ephemeral

Slovakia: Political process: Major parties include the populist Smer (“Direction”), the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union, the Slovak National Party, the Party of the Hungarian Coalition, the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, and the Christian Democratic Movement.

Bardiya was a son of Cyrus the Great of Persia and possible king of Persia in 522 bce, although some accounts claim the king known as Bardiya was an impersonator of that son. The Greek historian Herodotus and the Persian king Darius, in his inscription at Bīsitūn, state that Bardiya was murdered by

The Death of Ivan Ilyich, novella by Leo Tolstoy, published in Russian as Smert Ivana Ilyicha in 1886, considered a masterpiece of psychological realism. The protagonist’s crisis is remarkably similar to that of Tolstoy himself as described in Ispoved (1884; My Confession). The first section of the

The Death of Ivan Ilyich, novella by Leo Tolstoy, published in Russian as Smert Ivana Ilyicha in 1886, considered a masterpiece of psychological realism. The protagonist’s crisis is remarkably similar to that of Tolstoy himself as described in Ispoved (1884; My Confession). The first section of the

Johnny Hallyday was a French rock singer and actor whose powerful vocals and prolific career spanning more than half a century enabled him to achieve unprecedented stardom in France. Credited with popularizing rock and roll in France in the early 1960s, Johnny (as he is simply referred to in

Pierre-Jean de Smet was a Belgian-born Jesuit missionary whose pioneering efforts to Christianize and pacify Indian tribes west of the Mississippi River made him their beloved “Black Robe” and cast him in the role of mediator in the U.S. government’s attempt to secure their lands for settlement by

sour cream: Origins: The resulting tangy cow’s cream—called smetana in Russian-speaking regions—spread across Europe.

Bedřich Smetana was a Bohemian composer of operas and symphonic poems, founder of the Czech national school of music. He was the first truly important Bohemian nationalist composer. Smetana studied music under his father, an amateur violinist. He early took up piano under a professional teacher and

Raisa Smetanina is a Russian cross-country skier who was the first woman to win 10 career medals at the Olympic Winter Games. A champion in both the individual and team events, Smetanina won a silver medal in the 5-km race and gold medals in the 4 × 5-km relay and the 10-km event at the 1976

Raisa Smetanina is a Russian cross-country skier who was the first woman to win 10 career medals at the Olympic Winter Games. A champion in both the individual and team events, Smetanina won a silver medal in the 5-km race and gold medals in the 4 × 5-km relay and the 10-km event at the 1976

Antanas Smetona was a Lithuanian statesman and journalist who in 1919 became the first president of Lithuania and later returned to power as an authoritarian head of state for the last 13 years of his country’s independence. After the Russian Revolution of 1905 broke out, Smetona, who had recently

merganser: The smew (M. albellus) is a small, compact merganser with a short bill; it breeds from Scandinavia to Siberia and south to Turkestan and winters on lakes and streams south to the Mediterranean and Central Asia.

Science Museum: …NMSI became known as the Science Museum Group (SMG). In 2017 Locomotion, the railway museum at Shildon, joined SMG.

Li Ruigang: …president of the state-owned conglomerate Shanghai Media Group (SMG).

John Smibert was a Scottish-born painter and architect who established an early tradition of colonial portraiture in Boston. Smibert was apprenticed to a house painter in Edinburgh and in 1709 went to London. In 1713 he studied at London’s Great Queen Street’s Academy, which was run by Sir Godfrey

France: Wages and the cost of living: …a provision known as the salaire minimum interprofessionel de croissance (SMIC; general and growth-indexed minimum wage), which has increased the lowest salaries faster than the inflation rate. Its level is set annually, and all employers must abide by it. Women are, in general, paid less well than men. A worker…

Coleoptera: Annotated classification: Family Smicripidae Sometimes placed in Nitidulidae; a few species in tropical America; example Smicrips. Family Sphindidae (dry-fungus beetles) Small, dark; occur in dry fungi; about 30 species; widely distributed. Superfamily Curculionoidea

Leon Kruczkowski: His last play, Śmierć gubernatora (1961; “Death of a Governor”), examined the ethics of the capitalist world, to which Kruczkowski compared the humanitarian principles of the socialist camp.

Abood v. Detroit Board of Education: Background: …Michigan Supreme Court held in Smigel v. Southgate Community School District that agency shops in the public sector were prohibited by state law. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals remanded Warczak’s case to the trial court, where it was combined with a similar suit by D. Louis Abood and others and…

Harper: Production notes and credits:

Smike, fictional character, a feebleminded and frail boy in the novel Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39) by Charles

Dawoud Bey is an American photographer, writer, and educator known for his sensitive large-scale portraits and candid street photographs of everyday Black American life. His later work probes the psychic traces left on present-day landscapes by the slave trade and the liberatory travels of formerly

Izmayil, city, southern Ukraine. It lies on the north bank of the main Danube distributary some 50 miles (80 km) from the Black Sea. In the late 14th century it was the Slavic settlement of Smil. It was captured in 1484 by the Turks, who fortified it and held it until 1812. It was a Russian

Smila, city, Ukraine, on the Tyasmyn (Tiasmyn) River. The city was first established as a Cossack settlement in the late 16th century. In 1793 it came under Russian rule, and in the 19th century it became a significant sugar-refining centre. In the 20th century it developed a large food industry

Liliales: Major families: Smilacaceae, or the greenbrier family, with 315 species in two genera (Smilax and Heterosmilax), is the second largest family in the order. These herbaceous or woody climbers are found around the world. Rhipogonum, another twiner from Australia and New Guinea, was formerly included in Smilacaceae…

seed: Afterripening, stratification, and temperature effects: …lily of the valley and false Solomon’s seal. Here, two successive cold treatments separated by a warm period are needed for complete seedling development. The first cold treatment eliminates the dormancy of the root; the warm period permits its outgrowth; and the second cold period eliminates epicotyl or leaf dormancy.…

Smilax, genus of plants in the family Smilacaceae, consisting of about 300 species of woody or herbaceous vines, variously known as catbriers and greenbriers, native to tropical and temperate parts of the world. The stems of many species are covered with prickles; the lower leaves are scalelike;

Smilax: Young shoots of S. aspera are edible. Carrion flower (S. herbacea) and common catbrier (S. rotundifolia) of eastern North America are sometimes cultivated to form impenetrable thickets.

carrion flower: Smilax herbacea, a native American woodland vine, has malodorous flowers and is also called carrion flower. It is of the family Smilacaceae.

Michael Ritchie: Films: …the downside of competition with Smile (1975), a broad satire on another facet of American life, the teenage beauty pageant. Bruce Dern played a smarmy pageant judge, Barbara Feldon was a megalomaniacal director, and Michael Kidd was cast as an over-the-hill choreographer; Joan Prather, Melanie Griffith, and Annette O’Toole were…

Roddy Doyle: Other works: In Smile (2017) a lonely middle-aged man looks back on his life, especially his troubled childhood. Doyle’s next novel, Love (2020), follows two old friends as they spend a night drinking and looking back at their lives.

happiness: …a specific facial expression: the smile.

the Beach Boys: Later projects and solo albums: …in Brian’s career, however, was SMiLE (2004), finally offered to the world as a completed solo album after he had spent nearly four decades fine-tuning its sound. A boxed set of the original SMiLE recording sessions followed in 2011. He continued to record solo albums, and his life was the…

Katy Perry: Later music projects, American Idol, and Blue Origin spaceflight: …mainstream pop with the empowerment-oriented Smile (2020). Perry later released 143(2024), which was notable for its negative reviews.

Raina Telgemeier: …published as the graphic novel Smile (2010). Smile tells the story of Telgemeier getting her two front teeth knocked out when she was in sixth grade. Smile was an instant success, appearing on The New York Times best-seller list. Telgemeier was credited with creating a new genre, the graphic memoir…

Jean Rhys: Smile Please, an unfinished autobiography, was published in 1979.

Ingmar Bergman: Life: …success with Sommernattens leende (Smiles of a Summer Night), a bittersweet romantic comedy-drama in a period setting. In the next few years, a kind of Bergman fever swept over the international film scene: concurrently with the succession of his new films, which included two masterpieces—The Seventh Seal, a medieval…

Samuel Smiles was a Scottish author best known for his didactic work Self-Help (1859), which, with its successors, Character (1871), Thrift (1875), and Duty (1880), enshrined the basic Victorian values associated with the “gospel of work.” One of 11 children left fatherless in 1832, Smiles learned

the Beach Boys: Pet Sounds, Good Vibrations, and Brian Wilson’s seclusion: …tuneful but tentative release titled Smiley Smile (1967).

novel: Detective, mystery, thriller: …from the Cold (1963) and Smiley’s People (1980).

George Smiley, fictional character, a British secret service agent who appears in many of the spy stories of John le Carré, beginning with Call for the Dead (1961). Smiley is an unobtrusive secret agent who leads an unglamorous life. A deceptively bland middle-aged man, he is trusted and respected

Jane Smiley is an American novelist known for her lyrical works that centre on families in pastoral settings. Smiley studied literature at Vassar College (B.A., 1971) and the University of Iowa (M.A., 1975; M.F.A., 1976; Ph.D., 1978). From 1981 to 1996 she was a professor of English at Iowa State

Jane Smiley is an American novelist known for her lyrical works that centre on families in pastoral settings. Smiley studied literature at Vassar College (B.A., 1971) and the University of Iowa (M.A., 1975; M.F.A., 1976; Ph.D., 1978). From 1981 to 1996 she was a professor of English at Iowa State

Tavis Smiley is an American talk show host, journalist, and political commentator. Smiley grew up near Kokomo, Indiana, and attended Indiana University at Bloomington but left in 1988 to work for Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley. (In 2003 he completed his bachelor’s degree.) Smiley became a national

Rosie O’Donnell: The View and other TV credits: …including The Fosters, Mom, and SMILF. The special Rosie Live, a one-hour variety show, aired in 2008, and the following year she starred as a psychiatrist in the television movie America. O’Donnell later hosted The Rosie Show (2011–12), a talk show that aired on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). She…

happiness: …a specific facial expression: the smile.

Keeshond, thickly coated medium-sized breed of spitz dog. It is the national dog of the Netherlands and a symbol of Dutch patriotism. Long kept on Dutch barges as a watchdog, companion, and ratter as the boats navigated the country’s canals and rivers, it became known as the “Dutch Barge Dog” and