Sir Basil Spence: …competition for the new Coventry cathedral (completed in 1962). This monumental, richly decorated structure incorporates the ruins of the bombed 14th-century cathedral. He gave his account of the project in Phoenix at Coventry (1962).

Haworth: The Church of St. Michael contains their family memorials, and the adjacent parsonage (1779) has since 1928 housed the museum of the Brontë Society (founded 1893). The fictional manor houses of Wuthering Heights, Thrushcross Grange, and Ferndean Manor as depicted in the Brontë sisters’ novels are…

Ottonian art: St. Michael’s (founded c. 1001), Hildesheim, exemplifies this regularity, with two crypts, two apses, and two transepts, each with a crossing tower. The achievements of Ottonian artists provided background and impetus for the new monumentality distinguished as Romanesque.

Monte Sant’Angelo: …around the famous Santuario di S. Michele (Sanctuary of St. Michael), founded c. 490 over a cave in which the archangel Michael is said to have appeared to St. Laurentius Maioranus, archbishop of Sipontum. The bronze doors were made in Constantinople in 1076, and the octagonal campanile dates from 1273.…

United Kingdom: Leisure: …observance of the weekly “Saint Monday,” when furious bouts of working were followed by equally furious bouts of enjoyment on a day supposedly given over to work. In the 1850s, in textiles, the leading sector of the economy, there was a more regular working day and week, and a…

Saint Moritz, town, or Gemeinde (commune), Graubünden canton, southeastern Switzerland. Saint Moritz lies in the Oberengadin (Upper Inn Valley) and is surrounded by magnificent Alpine peaks. The town consists of the Dorf (village), the Bad (spa), and the hamlets of Suvretta and Champfèr. Originally

spire: At Fribourg (Switz.) cathedral (spire, 1270–88), a low, square tower with corner pinnacles carries a gabled, octagonal lantern that supports the spire of 385 feet (117 metres), a mere skeleton of openwork tracery with ornamented edges giving an amazingly light and delicate effect. This type of…

São Nicolau Island, island of Cape Verde, in the Atlantic Ocean, between the islands of Santa Luzia and Boa Vista, about 400 miles (640 km) off the West African coast. Of volcanic origin and mountainous, it rises to 4,277 feet (1,304 metres) at Mount Gordo. Settled since the 15th century, the

Stockholm: The contemporary city: …Island contains the Royal Palace; Storkyrkan, also called the Cathedral, or Church, of St. Nicolas; the German Church; the House of Lords; the government offices; the Stock Exchange; and a number of other notable buildings. Riddar Island is dominated by the Riddarholm Church. The House of Parliament and the National…

Ramla: …White Tower, are the Franciscan Hospice of St. Nicodemus and St. Joseph; the Great Mosque (Al-Jāmiʿ al-Kabīr), built on the foundations of the 12th-century crusader cathedral of St. John; and the Pool of St. Helena, an 8th-century reservoir (cistern) decorated with ornamental pillars and now used by small tourist boats.…

Saint Olaf College, private coeducational institution of higher learning in Northfield, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It is a liberal arts college affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Named for Olaf II, the patron saint of Norway, St. Olaf’s School was founded by Norwegian

Western architecture: Construction in iron and glass: …stations in England such as St. Pancras, London (1864–68, by William H. Barlow), where the wrought-iron arches have a span of 243 feet (74 metres) and rise to a height of 100 feet (30 metres).

James Renwick: …Renwick, culminating with that for St. Patrick’s Cathedral (begun 1858) in New York City, an immense and eclectic twin-spired structure that mixed German, French, and English Gothic influences.

Dublin: City layout: Its neighbour, St. Patrick’s, erected just outside the city walls, was also originally a Norse church that may have been built on an earlier Celtic foundation. Rebuilt by the Normans in 1191, it was enlarged and partially rebuilt over the centuries. It was in a state of…

Newry: St. Patrick’s Church, founded in Newry in 1578, was the first Protestant church to be built in Ireland. Newry is the seat of the Roman Catholic bishop of Dromore, and the Cathedral of Saints Patrick and Colman was completed in 1829. With the opening of…

Soest: The cathedral of St. Patroclus (founded c. 955; extended 1166) adjoins the Baroque town hall (1713), which contains important Lutheran archives and an early Protestant theological library. The Gothic Wiesenkirche (“St. Mary of the Fields”; 1331–c. 1430) features a famous stained-glass window, the Westphalian Last Supper…

Ernest Renan: Religious controversies: …Apôtres (1866; The Apostles) and Saint Paul (1869), to follow the Vie de Jésus as parts of a series, Histoire des origines du christianisme (The History of the Origins of Christianity). Both these volumes, containing brilliant descriptions of how Christianity spread among the rootless proletariat of the cities of Asia…

Saint Paul Island, island in the southern Indian Ocean, administratively a part of French Southern and Antarctic Territories. A volcanic island, the crater of which has been inundated by the sea, Saint Paul has an area of 2.7 square miles (7 square km) and a maximum elevation of 1,618 feet (493

woolly mammoth: Extinction: …until 5,600 years ago on St. Paul Island, Alaska, in the Bering Sea and as late as 4,300 years ago on Wrangel Island, an Arctic island located off the coast of northern Russia, before succumbing to extinction from inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity.

Saint Benedict Biscop: Peter (at Wearmouth) and Paul (at Jarrow on Tyne, nearby); he is considered to be the father of Benedictine monasticism in England.

Saint Paul River, river rising in southeastern Guinea, western Africa. Its source is in the mountains east of Macenta, and its upper reach (the Diani, or Nianda, River) forms part of the border between Guinea and Liberia. It was first sighted by Portuguese navigators in the 15th century on St.

Saint Paul’s Cathedral, in London, cathedral of the Anglican bishop. Saint Paul’s Cathedral was founded in 604 ce, but the present building dates from 1675–1710. It was designed by English architect Christopher Wren. Several places of worship have likely stood at the current site of Saint Paul’s

Melaka: The Portuguese also built St. Paul’s Church (1521), now a ruin, which held the body of St. Francis Xavier until its removal in 1553 to Goa, India. The Stadthuys (Town Hall) is an example of mid-17th century Dutch architecture. Christ Church, St. John’s Fort, a cultural museum, Cheng Hoon…

Rome: San Paolo Fuori le Mura: San Paolo Fuori le Mura (St. Paul Outside the Walls), a basilica built by Constantine over the grave of St. Paul, the Apostle, was replaced starting in 386 by a structure mammoth for its time. It was faithfully restored after…

Saint Paul’s School, one of the major public (i.e., privately endowed) schools in England. It was founded in 1509 by John Colet, dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral in the City of London. Originally located in the cathedral churchyard, the school was destroyed in the Great Fire but rebuilt in 1670. The

Bath: Its 16th-century abbey church of St. Peter and St. Paul is late Perpendicular Gothic and is noted for its windows, but it is the wealth of classical Georgian buildings mounting the steep valley sides that gives Bath its distinction. The city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage…

Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks, archipelago lying about 685 miles (1,100 km) off the coast of northeastern Brazil, just north of the Equator. Under Brazilian sovereignty, it consists of six large islands, four smaller ones, and several rock tops. It is one of the most important fishing sites of

Rome: San Pietro in Vincoli: Originally the Basilica Eudoxiana, San Pietro in Vincoli (St. Peter in Chains) minor basilica was built in 432–440 with money from the empress Eudoxia for the veneration of the chains of the apostle Peter’s Jerusalem imprisonment. Later his Roman chains were…

Saint Peter Port, chief town, resort, parish, and capital of Guernsey, Channel Islands, located on the east coast of the island of Guernsey where a narrow valley reaches the sea between moderately high cliffs. Early in the 13th century, Castle Cornet was built on an offshore tidal islet, reinforced

metalwork: United States: …structures, such as those on St. Peter Street, were built above the sidewalks. Balconies sometimes not only extended across an entire facade but continued around a corner.

Old Saint Peter’s Basilica, first basilica of St. Peter’s in Rome, a five-aisled basilican-plan church with apsed transept at the west end that was begun between 326 and 333 at the order of the Roman emperor Constantine and finished about 30 years later. The church was entered through an atrium

Peterborough: …city site is dominated by St. Peter’s Cathedral, a structure begun in 1118 and consecrated in 1238. It is in part a good example of Late Norman style, but it was added to in virtually every succeeding architectural period, and the total effect is discordant. The cathedral contains the Hedda…

Malmö: …a museum) and the 14th-century St. Peter’s Church (a fine example of early Baltic Gothic architecture). The city is home to Malmö College. Pop. (2023 est.) mun., 362,133.

Westminster School, distinguished public (privately endowed) school near Westminster Abbey in the borough of Westminster, London. It originated as a charity school (1179) founded by Benedictine monks. In 1540 Henry VIII made it secular, and in 1560 it was refounded by Elizabeth I and extensively

London: The historical base: St. Peter’s Italian Church (1863) was the first Italian church ever to be built outside Italy.

Saint Peter’s University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. It is a liberal arts college affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic Church. The college offers undergraduate degree programs in business, computer science, education,

Worms: The Cathedral of St. Peter (also known as Worms Cathedral) ranks with those of Speyer and Mainz as one of the finest Romanesque churches of the Rhine. The original building was consecrated in 1018 and was completed and remodeled in the 12th century. Additions were made…

Leuven: The Church of St. Peter, which originally dated from the early 11th century, was twice destroyed before being rebuilt as a Gothic structure (1425–97), and it was again damaged in both world wars. The church contains two fine paintings by Dieric Bouts and ironwork and brasswork—much…

Saint Benedict Biscop: Peter (at Wearmouth) and Paul (at Jarrow on Tyne, nearby); he is considered to be the father of Benedictine monasticism in England.

Papal States, territories of central Italy over which the pope had sovereignty from 756 to 1870. Included were the modern Italian regions of Lazio (Latium), Umbria, and Marche and part of Emilia-Romagna, though the extent of the territory, along with the degree of papal control, varied over the

Bathurst, city in Gloucester county, northeastern New Brunswick, Canada. It lies at the mouth of the Nepisiguit River, on Bathurst Harbour, a southern arm of Nepisiguit Bay. The original French settlement, founded in 1619, was called Nepisiguit and then St. Peters. After 1755 the British displaced

Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra, symphony orchestra based in St. Petersburg. The Philharmonic Society was founded there in 1802, and its orchestra included musicians from eastern Europe as well as from Russia. After the Russian Revolution of February 1917, the society’s orchestra became the

Saint Petersburg porcelain, pottery ware produced from 1744 to the present day by the principal Russian factory, the Imperial Porcelain Factory (from 1925, the M.V. Lomonosov State Porcelain Factory), in St. Petersburg. It was established under the patronage of the daughter of Peter I the Great,

law of war: Law by treaty: In 1868 the Declaration of St. Petersburg prohibited the use of explosive projectiles weighing less than 400 grams, while in 1899 two major treaties were concluded at The Hague, one concerning asphyxiating gases and another concerned with expanding bullets. The second Hague conference, in 1907, proved to be…

Greece: Factionalism in the emerging state: In 1826, by the Protocol of St. Petersburg, Britain and Russia committed themselves to a policy of mediation, to which France became a party through the Treaty of London of 1827. A policy of “peaceful interference,” as the British prime minister Lord Canning described it, culminated in the somewhat…

Russia: The Petrine state: …successful war against Persia (Treaty of St. Petersburg, 1723).

St. Petersburg State University (SPbU), coeducational state institution of higher learning in St. Petersburg, Russia, established by a 1724 decree of the Russian tsar Peter I as part of the Russian Academy of Sciences and reorganized in 1819 as St. Petersburg University. One of the largest and

Niki de Saint Phalle was a French-American artist whose diverse practice encompassed a wide variety of mediums, including painting, sculpture, performance, and film. Her work explores femininity, gender oppression, violence, and joy. Saint Phalle was born the second of five children to American

Niki de Saint Phalle was a French-American artist whose diverse practice encompassed a wide variety of mediums, including painting, sculpture, performance, and film. Her work explores femininity, gender oppression, violence, and joy. Saint Phalle was born the second of five children to American

Francesco Borromini: An independent architect: The concave facade of St. Philip Neri represented to him the welcoming gesture of outstretched arms: the central unit stood for the chest, the two-part wings for arm and forearm.

Western architecture: The early Byzantine period (330–726): …recently discovered remains of the church of St. Polyeuktos show. The church was founded by the princess Juliana Anicia (granddaughter of Valentinian III), whose name is known from an illuminated manuscript dated 512. The change was advanced still further some 30 years later, thanks to the patronage of the emperor…

Vienna: Layout and architecture: Vienna’s oldest church is St. Ruprecht’s. Dating from the 13th century with parts from the 11th century, it is believed to have originally been erected in 740.

Sir Samuel Argall: …a new French settlement at St. Sauveur. He destroyed the settlement and took some French prisoners and goods to Jamestown. The council of the Virginia Company then commissioned him to destroy all French settlements south of the 46th parallel, including Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia), which he captured…

Basilian: (3) St. Savior in the Melchite Rite was founded by the Archbishop of Tyre and Sidon in 1684 and placed under the rule of Basil in 1743. Members engaged in parochial ministry in Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, and the city of Damascus prior to 1832. The Vatican…

Perugino: Early work: …work by Perugino is a Saint Sebastian, at Cerqueto, near Perugia. This fresco (a mural painted on wet plaster with water-soluble pigments) dates from 1478 and is typical of Perugino’s style. He must have attained a considerable reputation by this time, since he probably worked for Pope Sixtus IV in…

Maastricht: The cathedral, dedicated to St. Servatius, was founded by Bishop Monulphus in the 6th century; it is the oldest church in the Netherlands, although rebuilt and enlarged from the 11th to the 15th century. The Protestant Church of St. John, with a 246-foot (75-metre) tower, originally…

Quedlinburg: …and by the former abbey church of St. Servatius (1070–1129, incorporating the remains of a 10th-century church). The church, castle, and old town were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1994. The poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and the geographer Carl Ritter were born in Quedlinburg. Pop. (2011) 20,539.

Erfurt: …by the cathedral and the Church of St. Severus, which stand side-by-side atop a hill called Domberg (“Cathedral Hill”). The cathedral (1154–1476) contains 15th-century glass and numerous notable works of art. Other buildings of note in the city include the Augustinian monastery where Martin Luther was a monk (1505–08), now…

Hagia Sophia, an important Byzantine structure in Istanbul and one of the world’s great monuments. It was built as an Eastern Orthodox church between 532 and 537 ce under the direction of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. In subsequent centuries it became a Roman Catholic cathedral, an Eastern

Western architecture: Kievan Rus and Russia: The cathedral of St. Sophia is the only structure of this period that still stands and retains, at least in the interior, something of its original form. The central part of the cathedral was in the form of a Greek cross. The nave and four aisles…

Western architecture: Kievan Rus and Russia: …of Novgorod began with the cathedral of St. Sophia. It was built in 1045–52, replacing a wooden, 13-dome church of the same name. The new cathedral followed its Kievan namesake in plan, but the divergences from the Byzantine pattern are quite apparent; it has double aisles but only three apses.…

Belarus: Architecture: …in the country is the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Polatsk, dating from the 11th century and built in the Eastern Orthodox style. The church of Boris and Gleb (Barys and Hlyeb) in Hrodna dates from the 12th century. Most of the other early buildings that remain, mostly as ruins,…

József Hild: …designs that construction began on St. Stephen’s Basilica in Pest in 1848 (it was completed by Miklós Ybl in 1905), and he also designed the Eger Basilica (1831–36) and Szatmárnémeti (now Satu Mare, Rom.). One of the most notable of his large-scale ecclesiastical works was the reconstruction of the new…

Saint Stephen’s Crown, greatly venerated crown of Hungary, the symbol of Hungarian nationhood, without which no sovereign was truly accepted by the Hungarian people. It is made from an 11th-century jeweled circlet of Byzantine style, augmented early in the 12th century by the addition of arches and

Dublin: City layout: …of the city’s squares is St. Stephen’s Green, recorded in 1224 as common grazing land but enclosed and bordered with houses in the 1660s. Most of the imposing mansions now surrounding it were built in the 18th century. By 1887 the parkland was run down, and the Guinness family, whose…

Big Ben, tower clock, famous for its accuracy and for its massive bell. Strictly speaking, the name refers to only the great hour bell, which weighs 15.1 tons (13.7 metric tons), but it is commonly associated with the whole clock tower at the northern end of the Houses of Parliament, in the London

Western architecture: England: …restrained but intricate form in St. Stephen’s, Walbrook, London (1672), with its multiple changing views and spatial and structural complexity. Wren’s greatest achievement, St. Paul’s Cathedral, London (1675–1711), owes much to French and Italian examples of the Baroque period; but the plan shows a remarkable adaptation of the traditional English…

Western painting: International Gothic: …the decoration of the royal Chapel of St. Stephen’s (c. 1360) was apparently, for the period, outstandingly Italianate. Subsequently, however, in the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey (probably executed c. 1370) there was strong Germanic influence, which has been tentatively compared with the work of Master Bertram at Hamburg.

St. Swithin’s Day, (July 15), a day on which, according to folklore, the weather for a subsequent period is dictated. In popular belief, if it rains on St. Swithin’s Day, it will rain for 40 days, but if it is fair, 40 days of fair weather will follow. St. Swithin was bishop of Winchester from 852

Saint Thomas, city, seat of Elgin county, southeastern Ontario, Canada, on Kettle Creek, just north of Lake Erie. Founded in 1817 as Sterling, it was renamed after Colonel Thomas Talbot, who made it the capital of the extensive settlement that he founded in 1803. A major railway division point and

Charlotte Amalie, city, capital of the U.S. Virgin Islands and of St. Thomas Island, situated at the head of St. Thomas Harbor on the island’s southern shore. The largest city in the Virgin Islands, it is built on three low volcanic spurs called Frenchman Hill (Foretop Hill), Berg Hill (Maintop),

Saint Thomas, chief island of the U.S. Virgin Islands, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It lies 40 miles (64 km) east of Puerto Rico. The island is volcanic, rising to a maximum elevation of 1,550 feet (474 metres); a chain of rugged hills with little vegetation runs east-west. Temperatures vary

Thomas Christians, indigenous Indian Christian groups who have traditionally lived in Kerala, a state on the Malabar Coast, in southwestern India. Claiming to have been evangelized by St. Thomas the Apostle, Thomas Christians ecclesiastically, liturgically, and linguistically represent one of the

Rome: The Caelian: The Hospital of St. Thomas, established at the same period, has disappeared save for its mosaic gateway, signed by Cosmate, of the Cosmati school of carvers and decorators, and by his father, Jacobus. Nearby stands the Arch of Dolabella (10 ce), and not far away are…

Minnesota: Education of Minnesota: …more than 10,000 students, the University of St. Thomas (1885), in St. Paul, is Minnesota’s largest private university.

Ronald Searle: …imaginary boarding school he called St. Trinian’s.

Ursuline, Roman Catholic religious order of women founded at Brescia, Italy, in 1535, by St. Angela Merici. The order was the first institute for women dedicated exclusively to the education of girls. Inspired by a mystical vision that she would found a society of virgins, Angela and 28 companions

Valentine’s Day, holiday observed annually February 14, on which lovers express their affection with greetings and gifts. Valentine’s Day did not come to be celebrated as a day of romance until about the 14th century. (Read Britannica’s essay “Why Do We Give Valentine Cards?”) Given their

Saint Vincent, island of the Windward group in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Saint Lucia and about 100 miles (160 km) west of Barbados. The island has an area of 133 square miles (344 square km). It is 18 miles (30 km) long and has a maximum

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, island country lying within the Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It consists of the island of Saint Vincent and the northern Grenadine Islands, which stretch southward toward Grenada. The island of Saint Vincent lies about 20 miles (32 km) southwest

The coat of arms of Saint Vincent shows peace and justice represented by two women, one holding an olive branch (peace) and the other making a sacrifice over an altar (justice). This design with the Latin motto “Pax et justitia” (“Peace and justice”) was used as a flag badge on the British Blue

Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul (D.C.), Roman Catholic religious congregation founded at Paris in 1633 by St. Vincent de Paul and St. Louise de Marillac. The congregation was a radical innovation by 17th-century standards: it was the first noncloistered religious institute of women

Antoine Frédéric Ozanam: …and scholar who founded the Society of St. Vincent de Paul.

São Vicente Island, island of Cape Verde, in the Atlantic Ocean, between the islands of Santo Antão and Santa Luzia, about 400 miles (640 km) off the western African coast. It rises to Monte Verde (2,539 feet [774 metres]). The main economic activities are subsistence agriculture (corn [maize],

Cape Saint Vincent, cape, southwesternmost Portugal, forming with Sagres Point a promontory on the Atlantic Ocean. To the Greeks and Romans it was known, from the presence of a shrine there, as the Sacred Promontory. Tourism, pastoralism, and fishing are the economic mainstays of the region, which

Gulf Saint Vincent, triangular inlet of the Indian Ocean, on the southeast coast of South Australia, between Yorke Peninsula to the west and the mainland. About 90 mi (145 km) long and 45 miles (73 km) wide, it is linked with the ocean by Investigator Strait to the southwest, passing north of

Bohemian school: …(Karlštejn Castle, near Prague) and St. Vitus’s Cathedral (Prague). The cathedral and parts of Karlštejn Castle were begun according to routine French design by the Flemish master mason Mathieu d’Arras; when Mathieu died in 1352, the work on both buildings was taken over by the influential German architect Petr Parléř,…

Kyiv: City layout: …too is the cathedral of St. Volodymyr (still in use as a church), built in 1862–96 in Byzantine style and containing impressive paintings by Viktor Vasnetsov, Mikhail Vrubel, and other artists. Notable among the many statues in central Kyiv are those that commemorate the Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the…

Kyiv: City layout: …too is the cathedral of St. Volodymyr (still in use as a church), built in 1862–96 in Byzantine style and containing impressive paintings by Viktor Vasnetsov, Mikhail Vrubel, and other artists. Notable among the many statues in central Kyiv are those that commemorate the Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the…

miracle play, one of three principal kinds of vernacular drama of the European Middle Ages (along with the mystery play and the morality play). A miracle play presents a real or fictitious account of the life, miracles, or martyrdom of a saint. The genre evolved from liturgical offices developed

Eva Marie Saint is an American film and television actress known for bringing emotional depth and complexity to her roles, in which she generally played women who appear fragile but have great inner strength. Saint began acting while she was a student at Bowling Green State University (B.A., 1946).

Tunisia: The protectorate (1881–1956): In response, the resident general, Lucien Saint, surrounded the bey’s palace with troops, and the demand was withdrawn. Saint thus introduced restrictive measures, together with minor reforms, that pacified Tunisian sentiment and weakened the nationalist movement for several years.

the Saint, fictional English gentleman-adventurer who was the protagonist of short stories and mystery novels by Leslie Charteris. A good-natured, gallant figure, Templar defies social convention and lives outside the law, and yet he emerges untarnished from his shadowy adventures. Meet the Tiger

Saint-Acheul, locality near Amiens in the Somme River valley, Somme département, Picardy région, northern France. Saint-Acheul is the type locality at which a number of distinctive early Paleolithic hand axes were found. These axes characteristically are large, bifacially flaked, ovoid stone tools

Saint-Affrique, town, Aveyron département, Occitanie région, southern France. The town is situated about 60 miles (96 km) northwest of Béziers on the southeastern coast and about 6 miles (10 km) from the town of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon, which is noted for its production of ewes’-milk cheese.

Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, town and spa, Nord département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France. It lies at the junction of the Elnon River with the canalized Scarpe River. It is situated 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Lille and 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Valenciennes, near the Belgian border.

Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, town and spa, Nord département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France. It lies at the junction of the Elnon River with the canalized Scarpe River. It is situated 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Lille and 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Valenciennes, near the Belgian border.

Saint-Amand-les-Eaux ware, tin-glazed earthenware and porcelain made in the French town of that name in the 18th and 19th centuries. The factory was begun in 1718 by Pierre-Joseph Fauquez of nearby Tournai and was continued by P.-F.-J. Fauquez after 1741 and by Jean-Baptiste Fauquez from 1771 to

Saint-Amand-Montrond, town, Cher département, Centre région, central France. The town, which is situated some 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Bourges, grew up around a monastery founded by St. Amand, a follower of St. Columban, in the 7th century. The town is of historical significance, but its

Saint-Amand-Montrond, town, Cher département, Centre région, central France. The town, which is situated some 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Bourges, grew up around a monastery founded by St. Amand, a follower of St. Columban, in the 7th century. The town is of historical significance, but its