Jane Alexander: >The Ring (2002); and Fur: An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus (2006). Her TV credits included recurring roles on The Blacklist, The Good Wife, and Elementary. In 2020, after more than a 20-year absence, she returned to Broadway, starring in Grand Horizons.

gull: The ring-billed gull (L. delawarensis) is common on inland lakes in North America and often gathers in large flocks to feed on plowed fields. The sooty gull (L. hemprichi) of the western Indian Ocean has a dark brown hood and a grayish brown mantle. Ross’s gull…

turtledove: decaocto) and ring-necked doves (S. capicola). These slim-bodied, fast-flying gamebirds are found throughout the temperate and tropical Old World. The ringed turtledove, or ringdove, is a domestic variant of S. turtur that now has feral New World populations in California and Florida; it is sometimes given species…

ring-necked duck, (species Aythya collaris), diving duck (family Anatidae), a popular game bird that is considered excellent table fare. The ring-necked duck is about 43 cm (17 inches) long. The male has a purplish black, iridescent head, a black back, and gray sides with a vertical wedge-shaped

pheasant: The common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) has 20–30 races ranging across Asia. Birds naturalized elsewhere are mixtures of races, with the gray-rumped ringneck (or Chinese) strain usually dominating.

ring-necked snake, (Diadophis punctatus), small terrestrial snake (family Colubridae), found widely in North America, that sports a ring or collar of contrasting colour around its neck or nape. The ring is most frequently white to yellow on an otherwise uniform background of brown, gray, or black.

cobra: The ringhals, or spitting cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus), of southern Africa and the black-necked cobra (Naja nigricollis), a small form widely distributed in Africa, are spitters. Venom is accurately directed at the victim’s eyes at distances of more than two metres (6.5 feet) and may cause temporary,…

chemistry of industrial polymers: Ring-opening metathesis polymerization: A relatively new development in polymer chemistry is polymerization of cyclic monomers such as cyclopentene in the presence of catalysts containing such metals as tungsten, molybdenum, and rhenium. The action of these catalysts yields linear polymers that retain the carbon-carbon double bonds…

ouzel, (species Turdus torquatus), a thrush of the family Turdidae (order Passeriformes), characterized by a white crescent on the breast. A blackish bird, 24 cm (9.5 inches) long, it breeds locally in uplands from Great Britain and Norway to the Middle East. The name ouzel was formerly applied to

tree: Growth ring formation: Hardwoods may be divided into ring-porous and diffuse-porous trees. In ring-porous trees the vessels laid down at the beginning of the growing season are much larger than subsequent vessels laid down at the end of the season (or ring). Diffuse-porous trees form vessels of roughly the same radial diameter throughout…

lemur: Lemur diversity: …known of these is the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), commonly seen in zoos. It is unique both in its habitat (some dry and rocky areas of Madagascar) and for its striped tail (all other lemurs have solid-coloured tails). Troops are made up of several males and females, and the females…

St. Ninian ; feast day September 16) was a bishop generally credited as the first Christian missionary to Scotland, responsible for widespread conversions among the Celts and possibly the Southern Picts. The two primary historical sources about Ninian’s life and work are of dubious reliability.

Ringatū, Māori prophetic movement in New Zealand. It was founded in 1867 by the Māori guerrilla leader Te Kooti (1830–93) while he was imprisoned in the Chatham Islands. His deep Bible study produced a new gentle Māori religion that included traditional taboos and faith healing. The movement spread

wood pigeon, (species Columba palumbus), bird of the subfamily Columbinae (in the pigeon family, Columbidae), found from the forested areas of Europe, North Africa, and western Asia east to the mountains of Sikkim state in India. It is about 40 cm (16 inches) long, grayish with a white collar and

murre: Atlantic populations include the so-called bridled, or ringed, murre, a mutation that shows, in breeding season, a ring around the eye and a thin, white stripe behind the eye. This characteristic is nearly absent in murres of Portugal but increases toward the northwest and is seen in 70 percent of…

chinstrap penguin, (Pygoscelis antarctica), species of penguin (order Sphenisciformes) characterized by a cap of black plumage on the top of the head, a white face, and a fine, continuous band of black feathers that extends from one side of the head to the other across each cheek and under the

plover: The group of so-called ringed plovers (certain Charadrius species) have white foreheads and one or two black bands (“rings”) across the breast. Some plovers, like the golden (Pluvialis species) and black-bellied (Squatarola squatarola), are finely patterned dark and light above and black below in breeding dress. These two genera…

ringed seal, (Pusa, or Phoca, hispida), nonmigratory, earless seal (family Phocidae) of North Polar seas and a few freshwater lakes in Europe and on Baffin Island. Named for the characteristic pale rings on its grayish or yellowish coat, the ringed seal grows to about 1.5 m (5 feet) in length and

wood pigeon, (species Columba palumbus), bird of the subfamily Columbinae (in the pigeon family, Columbidae), found from the forested areas of Europe, North Africa, and western Asia east to the mountains of Sikkim state in India. It is about 40 cm (16 inches) long, grayish with a white collar and

children’s literature: Heritage and fairy tales: …into vogue, and the lesser-gifted Joachim Ringelnatz. The nondidactic note they sounded in modern times was strengthened by a whole school of children’s poets. No other country produced work in this difficult field superior to the finest verse of the multitalented James Krüss, and especially Josef Guggenmos, whose lyric simplicity…

marble: In taw, ringtaw, or ringer, players attempt to shoot marbles, sometimes arranged in a cross, out of a ring as much as 6 to 10 feet (about 2 to 3 metres) in diameter. In hit and span, players try to shoot or roll marbles either against…

Sarah Michelle Gellar: …with the psychological drama series Ringer (2011–12), in which she played the dual roles of a troubled stripper and her socialite twin sister. Gellar starred alongside Robin Williams in the sitcom The Crazy Ones (2013–14), and she lent her voice to the animated series Star Wars Rebels (2014–18) and Masters…

telephone: Ringer: The ringer alerts the user to an incoming call by emitting an audible tone or ring. Ringers are of two types, mechanical or electronic. Both types are activated by a 20-hertz, 75-volt alternating current generated by the switching office. The ringer is commonly activated…

Ringer’s solution, one of the first laboratory solutions of salts in water shown to prolong greatly the survival time of excised tissue; it was introduced by the physiologist Sidney Ringer in 1882 for the frog heart. The solution contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and

Bertha Benz was a German automotive pioneer who was instrumental in the development of the first engine-powered carriage, or automobile. She is best known for embarking on the world’s first long-distance drive in the Patent-Motorwagen, a car built by her husband, Karl Benz. Bertha Ringer was the

Ringer’s solution: …was introduced by the physiologist Sidney Ringer in 1882 for the frog heart. The solution contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate in the concentrations in which they occur in body fluids. If sodium lactate is used instead of sodium bicarbonate, the mixture is called lactated Ringer’s…

Ringer’s solution: Mammalian Ringer’s solution (Locke’s, or Ringer-Locke’s, solution) differs in that it contains glucose and more sodium chloride than the original solution.

Ringerike, kommune (“commune”) and geographic region, southeastern Norway, just northwest of Oslo. The region covers a total area of 600 square miles (1,553 square km) adjacent to the northern shore of Lake Tyri and northward to Rands Lake. Ringerike was inhabited well before ad 200 and existed as

Ringerike: …of art emerged, known as Ringerike style: this was a unique style of ornamentation on wood, stone, and metal that used plant forms as the basis of the designs. The Ringerike region had a flourishing timber industry that peaked in the 17th century. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries,…

Harold Bloom: , 1971), and The Ringers in the Tower: Studies in Romantic Tradition (1971), were creative studies of the Romantic poets and their work, then out of fashion. He examined the Romantic tradition from its beginnings in the 18th century to its influence on such late 20th-century poets as…

ringgit, monetary unit of Malaysia. The ringgit, also known as the Malaysian dollar, is divided into 100 sen. The Central Bank of Malaysia (Bank Negara Malaysia) has the exclusive authority to issue banknotes and coins in Malaysia. Coins are issued in denominations ranging from 5 to 50 sen.

Faith Ringgold was an American artist and author who became famous for innovative quilted narrations that communicate her political beliefs. Jones grew up in New York City’s Harlem district, and while still in high school she decided to be an artist. She attended City College of New York, where she

cobra: The ringhals, or spitting cobra (Hemachatus haemachatus), of southern Africa and the black-necked cobra (Naja nigricollis), a small form widely distributed in Africa, are spitters. Venom is accurately directed at the victim’s eyes at distances of more than two metres (6.5 feet) and may cause temporary,…

ornithology: Bird banding (or ringing), first performed early in the 19th century, is now a major means of gaining information on longevity and movements. Banding systems are conducted by a number of countries, and each year hundreds of thousands of birds are marked with numbered leg bands.…

angiosperm: Evolution of the transport process: Experiments now called girdling experiments were performed, in which a ring of bark is removed from a woody plant. Girdling, or ringing, does not immediately interfere with upward movement of water in the xylem, but it does interrupt phloem movement. In some plants surgical removal of phloem is…

the Smiths: Solo careers and controversies: … (2004), the solid craftsmanship of Ringleader of the Tormentors (2006), and the self-assuredness of Years of Refusal (2009). His subsequent albums, including Low in High School (2017), I Am Not a Dog on a Chain (2020), and Make-Up Is a Lie (2026), however, were less well received.

webcamming: History of webcamming: …phenomenon began in 1996, with Jennifer Ringley, whose “Jennicam” made her one of the first internet celebrities. Jennifer began using a webcam from her Dickinson College dorm room as a social experiment of sorts. The device took a static image of her room every 15 minutes, allowing viewers a look…

The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus became the best-known traveling circus in the United States during the 20th century. Its origins can be traced to a traveling circus founded in Wisconsin in 1867. By 1872, under the direction of showman P.T. Barnum, it was branded as “The Greatest Show

circus: Circus schools: …was the Ringling organization’s “Clown College,” located in Venice, Florida, which was established in 1968 and closed in 1997. Other American institutions that feature the circus include Florida State University’s Flying High Circus (begun in 1947) at Tallahassee, whose performers are drawn exclusively from the student body; Circus Smirkus…

The Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus became the best-known traveling circus in the United States during the 20th century. Its origins can be traced to a traveling circus founded in Wisconsin in 1867. By 1872, under the direction of showman P.T. Barnum, it was branded as “The Greatest Show

Ringling Brothers, family of American circus proprietors who created the Ringling Brothers circus empire in the late 19th century. The members active in founding and running the family’s circus enterprises were all brothers: Albert C. (1852–1916), Otto (1858–1911), Alfred T. (1861–1919), Charles

Sarasota: Sarasota is known for the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, which includes the art museum itself with its large collection of Baroque art, notably works by Peter Paul Rubens; the Asolo Theatre (1790), brought from Venice (Italy) and reassembled by the state of Florida; Ca’ d’Zan, the palatial…

circus: Associations and museums: …Builders Association, the Windjammers, the Ringling Museum of the Circus, and the International Clown Hall of Fame (all United States). At Baraboo, Wisconsin, the extensive Circus World Museum, including a Circus Library and Research Center, is operated by the State Historical Society. Each July a train of authentic circus railroad…

Jostein Gaarder: …Same Flower), Sirkusdirektørens datter (2001; The Ringmaster’s Daughter), Slottet i Pyreneene (2008; The Castle in the Pyrenees), and Dukkeføreren (2016; “The Puppet Master”).

Johnny Ringo was an American Western outlaw, a loner, noted for his deadly fast draw. Not much is known of Ringo, not even his birthplace. He showed up first in Mason county, Texas, in 1875, where he was suspected of cattle rustling and arrested for a double murder. He escaped from jail, was

Johnny Ringo was an American Western outlaw, a loner, noted for his deadly fast draw. Not much is known of Ringo, not even his birthplace. He showed up first in Mason county, Texas, in 1875, where he was suspected of cattle rustling and arrested for a double murder. He escaped from jail, was

rings, gymnastics apparatus consisting of two small circles that are suspended by straps from an overhead support and grasped by the gymnast while performing various exercises. They were invented in the early 19th century by the German Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, known as the “father of gymnastics.”

Ringsaker, town, southeastern Norway. It lies along the eastern shore of Lake Mjøsa, the largest lake in Norway. Situated along the main road and rail line between Oslo and Trondheim, Ringsaker lies in a rich agricultural and lumbering region. Tourism is based mainly on the scenery of the lake

Western architecture: Germany and Austria: …by the construction of the Ringstrasse, a great boulevard on the site of the old city walls. In the 1870s and ’80s it was lined with monumental public buildings in a variety of styles thought historically appropriate for their functions: the Danish architect Theophilus Hansen’s neo-Greek Parliament House, Gottfried Semper’s…

Cologne: City layout: …of ring roads, called the Ringstrassen.

raccoon, (genus Procyon), any of seven species of nocturnal mammals characterized by bushy ringed tails. The most common and well-known is the North American raccoon (Procyon lotor), which ranges from northern Canada and most of the United States southward into South America. It has a conspicuous

miner’s cat, carnivorous mammal, a species of cacomistle

miner’s cat, carnivorous mammal, a species of cacomistle

marble: In taw, ringtaw, or ringer, players attempt to shoot marbles, sometimes arranged in a cross, out of a ring as much as 6 to 10 feet (about 2 to 3 metres) in diameter. In hit and span, players try to shoot or roll marbles either against…

Recording Industry Association of America: Sales Certification: …also certified songs downloaded as ringtones and began accounting for streaming audio and/or video, with 150 on-demand streams counting as one unit for certification purposes.

Ringuet was a French-Canadian novelist whose Trente arpents (1938; Thirty Acres) is considered a classic of Canadian literature. Panneton became a medical doctor, practiced medicine in Montreal, and taught at the University of Montreal. Although he was a founding member of the French-Canadian

John Hughes: …a group of young actors—Molly Ringwald, Emilio Estevez, and Judd Nelson, among them—who collectively became known as the Brat Pack. (This name was a play on the Rat Pack, a close-knit group of celebrities of an earlier era that included Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis, Jr.)

Manchester: Trade and transportation: Its airport at Ringway, 10 miles (16 km) south of the city, is the leading British terminal outside London in the volume of international traffic handled and in the diversity of both its European and its transatlantic services. Ringway is owned by the city and is the country’s…

ringwoodite: …named for the Australian geophysicist Alfred Edward Ringwood, who was known for his experimental research on high-pressure phase transitions in mantle minerals and for developing and testing models related to processes in Earth’s mantle.

ringwoodite, magnesium-iron silicate mineral with the chemical formula (Mg, Fe)2SiO4. It is a polymorph (a mineral with the same composition but a different crystal structure) of the rock-forming mineral olivine. Ringwoodite forms under high-pressure conditions and is therefore denser than other

ringworm, superficial skin lesions caused by a highly specialized group of fungi called dermatophytes that live and multiply on the surface of the skin and feed on keratin, the horny protein constituting the major part of the outermost layer of the skin and of the hair and nails. The fungi produce

Solomon Islands: Efforts toward recovery and reform and the 2006 and 2010 general elections: …looted; the new prime minister, Snyder Rini, resigned after eight days in office and was replaced by Sogavare, who opposed the presence of RAMSI. Conflict arose between RAMSI and the government over one of the prime minister’s political appointments, and Sogavare threatened to expel the multinational force. A compromise was…

Lombok: …the northern chain rises to Mount Rinjani (12,224 feet [3,726 metres]). None of the small rivers is navigable. Cliffs often rise precipitously from the sea, but there are good anchorages in bays on the western and eastern coasts.

ice hockey: Rink and equipment: NHL hockey is typically played on a standard-size rink shaped like a round-cornered rectangle that is 200 feet (61 meters) long and 85 feet (26 meters) wide. International rinks are usually 184–200 feet by 85–98 feet, and U.S. college rinks are typically…

Kander and Ebb: Collaboration: …musicals The Act (1977) and The Rink (1984) and in the film version of their breakthrough musical, Cabaret (1972).

Chita Rivera: …her performance as Anna in The Rink (1984). One critic said that she commanded the audience like “a lion tamer with a whip snap in her walk.” In 1985 she was back on Broadway in Jerry’s Girls. The following year Rivera suffered a broken leg in an automobile accident, and…

Mildred Bailey: …by her success, her brother Al Rinker and his friend Bing Crosby moved to Los Angeles, and they were hired by Paul Whiteman in 1926. In 1929 they introduced Whiteman to Bailey, and she joined the orchestra as the first featured female vocalist in a big band. Bailey’s career took…

Virginia reel: It stems from the rinnce fadha, a pre-Christian Irish dance that evolved into the English dance called the Sir Roger de Coverley. Brought to Virginia by English colonists, the Sir Roger de Coverley in time became the Virginia reel, the several versions of which range from the polished form…

nervous system disease: Cranial nerves: The Rinne test differentiates the patient’s ability to hear the hum of a tuning fork held both beside the ear and on the mastoid bone of the skull behind the ear. If the sound is louder at the latter site, impairment of the conduction of vibrations…

Finland: Domestic affairs: …with economic growth slowing again, Antti Rinne, the leader of the Social Democrats, intensified his criticism of Siplä’s austerity policies.

Charlotte von Stein: Stein wrote several plays, including Rino (1776), a small humorous piece on Goethe and ladies of the court, and the prose tragedy Dido (1792; published 1867), a work containing many allusions to her break with him.

Malpighiales: Violaceae: …largely herbaceous and north temperate; Rinorea (160–270 species) is pantropical; and Hybanthus (90–150 species) is pantropical and warm temperate. Together they account for most of the family.

Japanese art: Painting: …into a distinctive style called rinpa, an acronym linking the second syllable of the name of Ōgata Kōrin, the leading proponent of the style in the Edo period, and ha (pa), meaning “school” or “group.” Sōtatsu himself was active into the 1640s, and his pupils carried on his distinctive rendering…

Finnish literature: The 1960s and beyond: Paavo Rintala, a prolific writer, cultivated the documentary novel, frequently addressing issues related to World War II. In his later works he used history as a filter through which to assess contemporary society as well as his own place in it (e.g., Faustus [1996]). A…

Anton Rintelen was a jurist and politician who was twice minister of public instruction in the first Austrian republic; he was the pretender to the federal chancellorship during the abortive Nazi putsch of July 1934. Appointed professor of civil procedure in 1911 at the University of Graz (now

opera: Civic humanism: …of a collaboration between Corsi, Ottavio Rinuccini (the first opera librettist, who established many of the conventions of later operatic verse), and Jacopo Peri (who had been a singer-composer in the 1589 intermedi), and it was the first to include opera’s most radical innovation: the dramatic style of singing known…

Rinzai, one of two major Zen Buddhist sects in Japan; it stresses the abrupt awakening of transcendental wisdom, or enlightenment. Among the methods it practices are shouts (katsu) or blows delivered by the master on the disciple, question-and-answer sessions (mondo), and meditation on paradoxical

Rio de Janeiro, city and port, capital of the estado (state) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is located on the Atlantic Ocean, in the southeastern part of the tropical zone of South America, and is widely recognized as one of the world’s most beautiful and interesting urban centres. Although Rio de

macaw: …inspired the popular children’s films Rio (2011) and Rio 2 (2014)—occurred in 2000, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and other authorities considered the species extinct in the wild by 2018. In addition, ornithologists hold out hope that small populations of the glaucous macaw (Anodorhynchus glaucus), which…

Jamie Foxx: Dreamgirls and Django Unchained: …children’s comedies Rio (2011) and Rio 2 (2014).

Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in Rio de Janeiro that took place August 5–21, 2016. The Rio Games were the 28th occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. The event marked the first time that either the Summer or the Winter Olympics were held in South America. Rio was

Las Vegas: Cultural life: The Rio All-Suite Casino has frequently hosted touring exhibits from around the world, including a collection of art from the Hermitage museum in St. Petersburg.

Artibonite River, river, the longest on the island of Hispaniola. It rises in the Cordillera Central (Cibao Mountains) of the Dominican Republic and flows southwest along the border with Haiti and then west and northwest into Haiti and through the fertile Artibonite Plain to enter the Gulf of La

pre-Columbian civilizations: Major sites: …north of Petén is the Río Bec zone, as yet little explored but noted for temple pyramids and palaces with flanking false towers fronted by unclimbable “stairways” reaching dummy “rooms” with blank entrances. Río Bec structures are carved with fantastic serpents in deep relief, a feature that becomes even more…

Rio Branco, city, capital of Acre estado (state), western Brazil. It lies on the west bank of the Acre River, just north of where the Branco River (Rio Branco) flows into the Acre. A commercial and distribution centre, Rio Branco exports rubber, metals, medicinal plants, Brazil nuts, timber, and

Roraima, estado (state), northern Brazil. It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, on the east by Guyana and the state of Pará, and on the south and west by the state of Amazonas. Formerly a part of Amazonas, it was created a territory by decree in 1943 and until 1962 was named Rio Branco. It

Rio Branco Law, measure enacted by the Brazilian parliament in 1871 that freed children born of slave parents. The law was passed under the leadership of José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Viscount do Rio Branco, premier during 1871–73, and Joaquim Nabuco de Araujo, a leading abolitionist. Although the

Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves: Through his foreign minister, José Maria da Silva Paranhos, border disputes were settled peacefully with Bolivia, Uruguay, British Guiana, and Suriname (Dutch Guiana). In 1918 Rodrigues Alves was reelected president of Brazil but died before he could take office.

Rio Grande, fifth longest river of North America, and the 20th longest in the world, forming the border between the U.S. state of Texas and Mexico. Rising as a clear, snow-fed mountain stream more than 12,000 feet (3,700 metres) above sea level in the Rocky Mountains, the Rio Grande descends across

Rio Bravo, American western film, released in 1959, that was one of the most enduring collaborations between director Howard Hawks and star John Wayne. Sheriff John T. Chance (played by Wayne) presides over the small Texas town of Rio Bravo. When Joe Burdette (Claude Akins) is arrested for murder,

Catatumbo River, river rising in northern Colombia. It flows northeast across the Venezuelan border, crosses rich oil-bearing regions in the Maracaibo Lowland, and empties into Lake Maracaibo after a course of about 210 miles (338 km). It is navigable in its lower course and receives Zulia River 4

Chagres River, stream in Panama forming part of the Panama Canal system. It rises in the Cordillera de San Blas, flows south-southwest, and broadens to form Madden Lake (22 square miles [57 square km]) at Madden Dam, which was built in 1935 for navigation, flood control, and hydroelectric power.

Chubut River, river in southern Argentina, rising in the Andes Mountains south of San Carlos de Bariloche in Río Negro provincia (province). It flows southward and then eastward, emerging from the Andes in northwestern Chubut province. It then flows generally southeastward to the Pass of Indios,

Rio Claro, city, in the highlands of east-central São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It is situated at 2,050 feet (625 metres) above sea level along the Corumbataí River. Formerly called São João Batista da Beira do Ribeirão Claro and São João Batista do Morro Azul, it was given town

Coco River, river in southern Honduras and northern Nicaragua, rising west of the town of San Marcos de Colón, in southern Honduras, near the Honduras-Nicaragua border. The Coco flows generally eastward into Nicaragua, then turns northward near Mount Kilambé. For much of its middle and lower course

Colorado River, river in south-central Argentina. Its major headstreams, the Grande and Barrancas rivers, flow southward from the eastern flanks of the Andes and meet north of Buta Ranquil to form the Colorado. The river flows generally east-southeastward across the arid terrain of northern

Río Cuarto, city, southwestern Córdoba provincia (province), north-central Argentina. It lies along the Cuarto River between the western reaches of the Pampas and the foothills of the Cóndores Mountains. The city was inaugurated in 1794 under the sponsorship of Governor Rafael de Sobremonte, the

Cuiabá River, river, central Mato Grosso state, Brazil, rising northeast of Rosário Oeste, between the basins of the Amazon and Paraguay rivers, and flowing for 300 miles (480 km) south-southwest to join the Saõ Lourenço River. These two rivers’ combined courses, sometimes called the Cuiabá,

Rio de Janeiro, city and port, capital of the estado (state) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is located on the Atlantic Ocean, in the southeastern part of the tropical zone of South America, and is widely recognized as one of the world’s most beautiful and interesting urban centres. Although Rio de

Rio de Janeiro, estado (state) of southeastern Brazil, bounded by the states of Espírito Santo (north), Minas Gerais (west), and São Paulo (southwest), while to the east lies the Atlantic Ocean. It is named for the city of Rio de Janeiro, the state capital, which was the capital of Brazil from 1763