Ruanda-Urundi, twin territory in central East Africa that was administered by Belgium from 1922 to 1962 and which thereafter became the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi (qq.v.). After World War I, in 1922, with an adjustment of frontiers, a slice of what had been formerly German East Africa

Mount Ruang, active stratovolcano located on Ruang Island, which lies in the Sangihe arc on the eastern edge of the Celebes Sea north of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The volcano’s summit stands 2,378 feet (725 meters) above sea level. It has a caldera approximately 2 miles (3,219 meters) wide, which since

pipa: This instrument eventually became the ruan, or ruanxian (named for the musician Ruan Xian, one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove). The ruan differed from the qinhanzi in having a longer neck and 13 frets. In performance the ruan, which is still in use today, is held vertically…

Mount Ruapehu, active volcano and highest peak (9,176 feet [2,797 metres]) on North Island, New Zealand, in Tongariro National Park. Mount Ruapehu is situated on the Taupo Plateau, which rises 2,000 to 3,000 feet (about 600 to 900 metres) above sea level, Ruapehu erupted in 1945–46 and again in

Martin Amis: …War Against Cliché (2001), and The Rub of Time: Bellow, Nabokov, Hitchens, Travolta, Trump. Essays and Reportage, 1994-2016 (2017). Experience (2000), an autobiography that often focuses on his father, was acclaimed for an emotional depth and profundity that some reviewers had found lacking in his novels.

Pinocchio: Cast: Assorted

robāʿī, in Persian literature, genre of poetry consisting of a quatrain with the rhyme scheme aaba. Together with the mas̄navī (rhymed couplet), it is a purely Persian poetic genre and not a borrowing from the Arabic, as were the formal ode (qaṣīdah) and the love lyric (ghazal). It was adopted and

Islamic arts: Robāʿiyyāt: Omar Khayyam: The work done in mathematics by early Arabic scholars and by al-Bīrūnī was continued by Omar Khayyam (died 1131), to whom the Seljuq empire in fact owes the reform of its calendar. But Omar has become famous in the West through the…

Zalman Shazar was an Israeli journalist, scholar, and politician who was the third president of Israel (1963–73). Shazar early became involved in the Zionist movement while a youth in Belarus. In 1905 he joined Po’alei Zion, a Zionist workers’ party, and was briefly imprisoned by tsarist

rubato, (from Italian rubare, “to rob”), in music, subtle rhythmic manipulation and nuance in performance. For greater musical expression, the performer may stretch certain beats, measures, or phrases and compact others. The technique is seldom indicated on a musical score but may be utilized

robāʿī, in Persian literature, genre of poetry consisting of a quatrain with the rhyme scheme aaba. Together with the mas̄navī (rhymed couplet), it is a purely Persian poetic genre and not a borrowing from the Arabic, as were the formal ode (qaṣīdah) and the love lyric (ghazal). It was adopted and

Islamic arts: Robāʿiyyāt: Omar Khayyam: The work done in mathematics by early Arabic scholars and by al-Bīrūnī was continued by Omar Khayyam (died 1131), to whom the Seljuq empire in fact owes the reform of its calendar. But Omar has become famous in the West through the…

robāʿī, in Persian literature, genre of poetry consisting of a quatrain with the rhyme scheme aaba. Together with the mas̄navī (rhymed couplet), it is a purely Persian poetic genre and not a borrowing from the Arabic, as were the formal ode (qaṣīdah) and the love lyric (ghazal). It was adopted and

rubber, elastic substance obtained from the exudations of certain tropical plants (natural rubber) or derived from petroleum and natural gas (synthetic rubber). Because of its elasticity, resilience, and toughness, rubber is the basic constituent of the tires used in automotive vehicles, aircraft,

boa: The brown, 45-cm (18-inch) rubber boa (Charina bottae) of western North America is the most northerly boa and is a burrower that looks and feels rubbery. The 90-cm (35-inch) rosy boa (Charina trivirgata), ranging from southern California and Arizona into Mexico, usually is brown- or pink-striped.

bridge: Duplicate and tournament bridge: Rubber bridge is the simplest form for four players and is frequently played in casual games among friends. Chicago, or four-deal bridge, is most often used for small card parties in which several tables are used. Because a game of Chicago bridge involves only four…

India rubber plant, (Ficus elastica), large tree of the family Moraceae, once an important source of an inferior natural rubber. It was largely replaced as a source of rubber by the unrelated rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in the early 20th century. The India rubber plant is native to Southeast

rubber tree, (Hevea brasiliensis), South American tropical tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). Cultivated on plantations in the tropics and subtropics, especially in Southeast Asia and western Africa, it replaced the rubber plant in the early 20th century as the chief source of natural

duckpins: …variation of the game is rubber-band duckpins. In this version, the pins are the same height as in duckpins, but there is a hard rubber band about the belly of each pin, giving it greater rebounding action when hit by a ball. The ball is also the same size as…

Carlo Rubbia is an Italian physicist who in 1984 shared with Simon van der Meer the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of the massive, short-lived subatomic W particle and Z particle. These particles are the carriers of the so-called weak force involved in the radioactive decay of atomic

rubbing, one of the most universal and perhaps the oldest of the techniques used in printmaking. Rubbings are made by carefully pressing paper onto a carved or incised surface so that the paper conforms to the features to be copied. The paper is then blacked and the projecting areas of the surface

isopropyl alcohol, one of the most common members of the alcohol family of organic compounds. Isopropyl alcohol was the first commercial synthetic alcohol; chemists at the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (later Exxon Mobil) first produced it in 1920 while studying petroleum by-products. It is

tribological ceramics: Essential properties: …of tribological wear—impingement wear and rubbing wear. In impingement wear, particles impact and erode the surface. This is the major wear mechanism encountered in mineral handling, for example. Rubbing wear, on the other hand, occurs when two materials under load slide against each other. This wear occurs in such devices…

solid-waste management: Composition and properties: Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large tree stumps.…

refuse disposal system, technique for the collection, treatment, and disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development and operation of these systems is often called solid-waste

rubble masonry, the use of undressed, rough stone, generally in the construction of walls. Dry-stone random rubble walls, for which rough stones are piled up without mortar, are the most basic form. An intermediate method is coursed rubble walling, for which stones are roughly dressed and laid in

sedimentary rock: Conglomerates and breccias: Breccias are consolidated rubble; their clasts are angular or subangular. Conglomerates are consolidated gravel whose clasts are subrounded to rounded. Sometimes the term rudite (or rudaceous) is used to collectively refer to both breccias and conglomerates.

rubble masonry, the use of undressed, rough stone, generally in the construction of walls. Dry-stone random rubble walls, for which rough stones are piled up without mortar, are the most basic form. An intermediate method is coursed rubble walling, for which stones are roughly dressed and laid in

iron processing: Lumps and fines: As-mined iron ore contains lumps of varying size, the biggest being more than 1 metre (40 inches) across and the smallest about 1 millimetre (0.04 inch). The blast furnace, however, requires lumps between 7 and 25 millimetres, so the ore must…

permafrost: Soil flow: These are called rock streams or rubble sheets.

rubble masonry, the use of undressed, rough stone, generally in the construction of walls. Dry-stone random rubble walls, for which rough stones are piled up without mortar, are the most basic form. An intermediate method is coursed rubble walling, for which stones are roughly dressed and laid in

Rubtsovsk, city, Altay kray (territory), west-central Russia, on the Aley River and the Turk-Sib Railway. It is the centre of an important region of mining nonferrous ores. The city manufactures agricultural machinery, chiefly diesel tractors and electrical equipment for tractors, as well as flour

rebec, bowed, stringed musical instrument of European medieval and early Renaissance music. It was originally called a rubebe, developed about the 11th century from the similar Arab rabāb, and was carried to Spain with Muslim culture. Like the rabāb, the rebec had a shallow, pear-shaped body, but

Belarus: Belarus in the 21st century: …a devaluation of the Belarusian rubel, which shed more than 60 percent of its value against the U.S. dollar during 2011. The plummeting rubel triggered a wave of inflation, which peaked at almost 110 percent in January 2012. The Belarusian central bank responded by raising interest rates to 45 percent,…

offset printing: The offset plate is usually of zinc or aluminum or a combination of metals, with the surface treated to render it porous and then coated with a photosensitive material. Exposure to an image hardens the coating on printing areas; the coating on nonprinting areas is…

Studio 54: Opening Studio 54: Ian Schrager and Steve Rubell, two Brooklyn denizens who met as students at Syracuse University, opened Studio 54 on April 26, 1977. Schrager had spent a few years practicing law before going into the restaurant business with Rubell, who had started out operating a steakhouse franchise. Both saw…

rubella, contagious viral disease that runs a mild and benign course in most people. Although rubella is not usually a serious illness in children or adults, it can cause birth defects or the loss of a fetus if a woman in the early stages of pregnancy becomes infected. German physician Daniel

virus: Annotated classification: …2 recognized genera: Alphavirus and Rubivirus. Alphavirus consists of viruses transmitted by arthropods (exclusively mosquitoes); prototypes include Sindbis virus and eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses. Rubivirus contains non-arthropod-borne viruses, including the causative agent of German measles. Family Flaviviridae

Little Armenia: …of Anatolia, by the Armenian Rubenid dynasty in the 12th century. The Rubenids ruled first as barons and then, from 1199 to 1226, as kings of Cilicia. Thereafter the family of Oshin, another Armenian noble, ruled as the Hethumid dynasty until 1342. After initial trouble with the Byzantine Empire, Little…

Rubenist, any of the artists and critics who championed the sovereignty of colour over design and drawing in the “quarrel” of colour versus drawing that broke out in the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris in 1671 (see also Poussinist). The dispute raged for many years before

Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish painter who was the greatest exponent of Baroque painting’s dynamism, vitality, and sensuous exuberance. Though his masterpieces include portraits and landscapes, Rubens is perhaps best known for his religious and mythological compositions. As the impresario of vast

Jack Ruby was an American nightclub owner who killed Lee Harvey Oswald, the suspected assassin of Pres. John F. Kennedy, on November 24, 1963, as Oswald was being transferred to a county jail. Despite Ruby’s claims to the contrary—and a lack of evidence—some have posited that he was part of a

figure skating: Pioneers of the sport: Canadian Louis Rubenstein, a former student of Jackson Haines, was also instrumental in the development of figure skating. He led the effort to formalize competitions and tests by establishing governing bodies for skating in the United States and Canada. He helped organize the Amateur Skating Association…

measles, contagious viral disease marked by fever, cough, conjunctivitis, and a characteristic rash. Measles is most common in children but may appear in older persons who escaped it earlier in life. Infants are immune up to four or five months of age if the mother has had the disease. Immunity to

William W. Rubey was a U.S. geologist known for his theory, proposed in 1951, of the origin of the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and crust by fractional melting of the upper mantle, the Earth’s intermediate layer. Rubey was a member of the U.S. Geological Survey from 1924 until 1960, after which he

Joseph von Görres: …and published a republican journal, Das rote Blatt (“The Red Page”; renamed Rübezahl), in 1799. After an unsuccessful visit to Paris in 1799 as a political negotiator for the Rhenish provinces, he became disillusioned and withdrew from active politics. He taught natural science in Koblenz and then lectured at Heidelberg…

Rubizhne, city, eastern Ukraine, on the Donets River. The settlement dates from the 18th century and was incorporated in 1934. Rubizhne has an engineering industry and, with Lysychansk and Syeverodonetsk, is one of the most important chemical centres in Ukraine. The city’s chemical industry dates

Rubizhne, city, eastern Ukraine, on the Donets River. The settlement dates from the 18th century and was incorporated in 1934. Rubizhne has an engineering industry and, with Lysychansk and Syeverodonetsk, is one of the most important chemical centres in Ukraine. The city’s chemical industry dates

Ruvo di Puglia, town, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It lies on the eastern slopes of the Murge plateau, west of Bari city. Ancient Rubi was the centre of the Peucettii, an ancient Apulian tribe. It then became a flourishing Greek town that was famous in the 5th–3rd century bc for its

madder, (genus Rubia), genus of about 80 species of perennial plants in the madder family (Rubiaceae), several of which were once commonly used as a source of dye. Madder species are distributed throughout the Mediterranean region, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The plants are generally

madder: …common madder (Rubia tinctorum), the Indian madder (R. cordifolia), and the wild madder (R. peregrina) were formerly cultivated for a red dye known as alizarin, which was obtained from the ground-up roots. That dye was used for cloth and could be prepared and applied in such a way as to…

madder: cordifolia), and the wild madder (R. peregrina) were formerly cultivated for a red dye known as alizarin, which was obtained from the ground-up roots. That dye was used for cloth and could be prepared and applied in such a way as to yield pink and purple shades as…

madder: The common madder (Rubia tinctorum), the Indian madder (R. cordifolia), and the wild madder (R. peregrina) were formerly cultivated for a red dye known as alizarin, which was obtained from the ground-up roots. That dye was used for cloth and could be prepared and applied in…

Rubiaceae, the madder family (order Gentianales) of flowering plants, consisting of 611 genera with more than 13,150 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees, distributed primarily in tropical areas of the world. Several species are of economic importance as sources of useful chemicals, and a number are

Aitana Bonmatí: International Career: …Spain’s football federation (RFEF) president, Luis Rubiales, kissed player Jenni Hermoso on the lips during the 2023 Women’s World Cup medal ceremony—a gesture Hermoso later said she did not consent to. FIFA suspended Rubiales, who resigned as RFEF president in September 2023.

Rubicon, small stream that separated Cisalpine Gaul from Italy in the era of the Roman Republic. The movement of Julius Caesar’s forces over the Rubicon into Italy in 49 bce violated the law (the Lex Cornelia Majestatis) that forbade a general to lead an army out of the province to which he was

Rubicon, small stream that separated Cisalpine Gaul from Italy in the era of the Roman Republic. The movement of Julius Caesar’s forces over the Rubicon into Italy in 49 bce violated the law (the Lex Cornelia Majestatis) that forbade a general to lead an army out of the province to which he was

bezique: …together, such as four (rubicon bezique), six (Chinese bezique), and even eight decks. Bezique all but died out in the 20th century under the pressure of rummy games, which are quicker and simpler.

piquet: …English club game known as rubicon piquet.

Édouard Bourdet: Bourdet’s first plays, Le Rubicon (1910) and L’Homme enchaîné (1923; “The Man Enchained”), were not successful. His reputation was secured, however, by La Prisonnière (1926; The Captive), a psychological study of the sufferings of a troubled woman. With Vient de paraître (1928; “Just Appeared”), a satire on the…

rubidium (Rb), chemical element of Group 1 (Ia) in the periodic table, the alkali metal group. Rubidium is the second most reactive metal and is very soft, with a silvery-white luster. Rubidium was discovered (1861) spectroscopically by German scientists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff and named

rubidium-strontium dating, method of estimating the age of rocks, minerals, and meteorites from measurements of the amount of the stable isotope strontium-87 formed by the decay of the unstable isotope rubidium-87 that was present in the rock at the time of its formation. Rubidium-87 comprises

Riverside: Mount Rubidoux (1,399 feet [426 metres]) is a popular site for slab rock climbing. Other area recreational attractions include Lake Perris State Recreation Area, Mockingbird Canyon, and Sycamore Canyon Park. Inc. city, 1883. Pop. (2010) 303,871; Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario Metro Area, 4,224,851; (2020) 314,998; Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario…

Rubik’s Cube, toy, popular in the 1980s, that was designed by Hungarian inventor Erno Rubik. Rubik’s Cube consists of 26 small cubes that rotate on a central axis; nine coloured cube faces, in three rows of three each, form each side of the cube. When the cube is twisted out of its original

Erno Rubik is the inventor of Rubik’s Cube, a popular toy of the 1980s. Rubik’s Cube consists of 26 small cubes that rotate on a central axis; nine colored cube faces, in three rows of three each, form each side of the cube. When the cube is twisted out of its original arrangement, the player must

Rubin’s test, diagnostic method for determining whether the fallopian tubes in the human female are occluded. (The fallopian tubes are slender hollow structures on each side of the uterus through which the eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus.) The test is helpful in explaining certain

small arm: The smokeless powder revolution: In 1881 a Swiss officer, Eduard Alexander Rubin, was the first to perfect a full-length copper-jacketed bullet.

Rick Rubin is an American record producer whose light touch and keen ear made him one of the most sought-after producers in popular music. Rubin grew up listening to heavy metal and early punk, and he frequently took the train into Manhattan from his Long Island home to see New York punk pioneers

Jerry Rubin was an American political activist turned businessman who gained his widest renown from the anti-Vietnam War protests during the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago and the subsequent Chicago Seven trial, in which—after one defendant was removed to be tried separately—he and

Rick Rubin is an American record producer whose light touch and keen ear made him one of the most sought-after producers in popular music. Rubin grew up listening to heavy metal and early punk, and he frequently took the train into Manhattan from his Long Island home to see New York punk pioneers

Eddie Lampert: …Sachs, where he worked under Robert E. Rubin, who later became the U.S. treasury secretary. Risk analysis became one of Lampert’s specialties; even as a relatively fresh hire, he reduced his department’s exposure to the stock market when he foresaw overvaluations that led to the market crash in 1987.

Vera Rubin was an American astronomer known for her research on galaxy rotation rates, which provided evidence for the existence of dark matter. Dark matter is a component of the universe whose presence is discerned from its gravitational attraction rather than its luminosity, and it accounts for

love: Psychological theories of love: …1970s the American social psychologist Zick Rubin developed a conception of love as consisting of attachment, caring, and intimacy and a conception of liking as consisting of closeness, admiration, respect, and warmth. He incorporated these elements into detailed questionnaires of liking and loving whose scalable answers collectively provide a relatively…

Giovanni Battista Rubini was an Italian tenor remembered as the major early exponent of the Romantic style of Vincenzo Bellini and Gaetano Donizetti. Rubini showed early musical promise and was engaged as violinist and chorister at the Riccardi Theatre in Bergamo at the age of 12. He made his

the Hollies: …such as the Raspberries and the Rubinoos. Unlike most groups of their vintage, the Hollies had their greatest successes in the 1970s, with “Long Cool Woman (in a Black Dress)” (1972) and “The Air That I Breathe” (1974). The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame…

Harold Robbins was an American author credited with popularizing a prurient style of mass-market fiction that traded on the public appetite for tales of profligate Hollywood stars and glamorous criminals. Robbins was known to have fabricated numerous episodes that were repeated by journalists and

Kate Rubins is an American astronaut who has made two flights to the International Space Station (ISS). As a child, Rubins was interested in becoming an astronaut, and her growing interest in science led her to microbiology. She received a bachelor’s degree in that subject from the University of

Kate Rubins is an American astronaut who has made two flights to the International Space Station (ISS). As a child, Rubins was interested in becoming an astronaut, and her growing interest in science led her to microbiology. She received a bachelor’s degree in that subject from the University of

Anton Rubinstein was a Russian composer and one of the greatest pianists of the 19th century. In 1835 Rubinstein’s father opened a small factory in Moscow, and there in the same year his brother Nikolay was born. Both boys were taught piano, first by their mother and then by Aleksandr Villoing.

Anton Rubinstein was a Russian composer and one of the greatest pianists of the 19th century. In 1835 Rubinstein’s father opened a small factory in Moscow, and there in the same year his brother Nikolay was born. Both boys were taught piano, first by their mother and then by Aleksandr Villoing.

Artur Rubinstein was a Polish American virtuoso pianist regarded by many as the 20th century’s foremost interpreter of the repertoire. Rubinstein began study at the age of three and at the age of eight studied at the Warsaw Conservatory. The following year he became a pupil of Heinrich Barth in

Artur Rubinstein was a Polish American virtuoso pianist regarded by many as the 20th century’s foremost interpreter of the repertoire. Rubinstein began study at the age of three and at the age of eight studied at the Warsaw Conservatory. The following year he became a pupil of Heinrich Barth in

Helena Rubinstein was a cosmetician, business executive, and philanthropist. She founded Helena Rubinstein, Inc., a leading manufacturer and distributor of women’s cosmetics. Rubinstein was one of eight daughters of a middle-class Jewish family in Poland. She studied medicine briefly in Switzerland

Ida Rubinstein was a dancer, actress, and patron of the performing arts. An orphan of a well-to-do Jewish family, Rubinstein used her sizable inheritance for commissions for the arts. As a young woman, she studied mime and recitation and was a great admirer of the American dancer Isadora Duncan.

Anton Rubinstein: …the same year his brother Nikolay was born. Both boys were taught piano, first by their mother and then by Aleksandr Villoing. Anton gave his first public recital in Moscow in 1839, and the following year Villoing took him abroad for a three-year concert tour. He appeared in Paris, London,…

Frank Rubio is an astronaut who holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by an American, having been in space for more than 370 days. Rubio attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, where he was a member of the Black Knights parachute team. He received a

Frank Rubio is an astronaut who holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by an American, having been in space for more than 370 days. Rubio attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, where he was a member of the Black Knights parachute team. He received a

Marco Rubio is an American Republican government official serving as the 72nd secretary of state (2025– ). He previously represented Florida in the U.S. Senate (2011–25). After dropping out of the U.S. presidential election of 2016, Rubio underwent a political shift. While once a favorite of the

Marco Rubio is an American Republican government official serving as the 72nd secretary of state (2025– ). He previously represented Florida in the U.S. Senate (2011–25). After dropping out of the U.S. presidential election of 2016, Rubio underwent a political shift. While once a favorite of the

submarine: Attack submarines: …first nuclear attack submarine, the Rubis, was laid down in 1976 with antisubmarine torpedo and sonar systems inherited from the diesel-electric Agosta class. Beginning in 1984, the four vessels of this class were given improved sonar and silencing and were fitted with dive-launched Exocet antiship missiles. The Rubis vessels, the…

photosynthesis: Stage 1: Carboxylation: …is catalyzed by the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), proceeds by the addition of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon compound ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and the splitting of the resulting six-carbon compound into two molecules of PGA. This reaction occurs three times during each complete turn of the cycle; thus, six…

virus: Annotated classification: …2 recognized genera: Alphavirus and Rubivirus. Alphavirus consists of viruses transmitted by arthropods (exclusively mosquitoes); prototypes include Sindbis virus and eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses. Rubivirus contains non-arthropod-borne viruses, including the causative agent of German measles. Family Flaviviridae

Rubizhne, city, eastern Ukraine, on the Donets River. The settlement dates from the 18th century and was incorporated in 1934. Rubizhne has an engineering industry and, with Lysychansk and Syeverodonetsk, is one of the most important chemical centres in Ukraine. The city’s chemical industry dates

ruble, the monetary unit of Russia (and the former Soviet Union) and Belarus (spelled rubel). The origins of the Russian ruble as a designation of silver weight can be traced to the 13th century. In 1704 Tsar Peter I (the Great) introduced the first regular minting of the ruble in silver. During

Saint Andrey Rublyov ; feast day January 29) was one of the greatest medieval Russian painters, whose masterpiece is a magnificent icon of “The Old Testament Trinity,” now in the Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Little is known of his life except that he was the assistant of another great painter called

photosynthesis: Stage 1: Carboxylation: …dioxide to the five-carbon compound ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and the splitting of the resulting six-carbon compound into two molecules of PGA. This reaction occurs three times during each complete turn of the cycle; thus, six molecules of PGA are produced.

rubrication, in calligraphy and typography, the use of handwriting or type of a different colour on a page, derived from the practice of setting off liturgical directions, headings of statutes, and the like in red. Specifically, it applied to the rules prescribed for the conduct of religious

squirrel: Natural history: …tropical squirrels, such as the Sulawesi giant squirrel (Rubrisciurus rubriventer) and the northern Amazon red squirrel (Sciurus igniventris), nest at middle levels but travel and forage low in the understory or on the ground. The African palm squirrels (genus Epixerus) are long-legged runners that forage only on the ground. Certain…

human nervous system: Rubrospinal tract: The rubrospinal tract arises from cells in the caudal part of the red nucleus, an encapsulated cell group in the midbrain tegmentum. Fibers of this tract decussate at midbrain levels, descend in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord (overlapping ventral parts of…

Willem Van Ruysbroeck was a French Franciscan friar whose eyewitness account of the Mongol realm is generally acknowledged to be the best written by any medieval Christian traveller. A contemporary of the English scientist and philosopher Roger Bacon, he was cited frequently in the geographical