Giovanni Paolo Pannini was the foremost painter of Roman topography in the 18th century. His real and imaginary views of the ruins of ancient Rome embody precise observation and tender nostalgia, combining elements of late classical Baroque art with those of incipient Romanticism. His early

Waimea: …and famous for its Hawaiian paniolos, who trace their roots to Mexican cowboys taken to the island in the 1830s. The ranch covers about 175,000 acres (70,000 hectares) and contains some 30,000 to 35,000 head of cattle and 250 horses. Products of the area’s many small ranches and truck farms…

Ashutosh Gowariker: Later works: …drama Mohenjo Daro (2016) and Panipat (2019), which was based on a 1761 battle in northern India. He wrote and produced Toolsidas Junior (2022), which won the National Film Award for best feature film in Hindi the next year.

Panipat, city, east-central Haryana state, northwestern India. It is connected by road and rail with Delhi (south) and Ambala (north). The plain of Panipat was the site of three decisive battles in Indian history in the 16th and 18th centuries. Panipat was constituted a municipality in 1867. Wool

Battles of Panipat, (1526, 1556, 1761), three military engagements, important in the history of northern India, fought at Panipat, a level plain suitable for cavalry movements, about 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi. An overwhelmingly outnumbered Mughal force prevailed at Panipat. This was due to

Alejandro Jodorowsky: Early work: … formed a loose avant-garde movement, Panique, named after the Greek god Pan and dedicated to the shocking and the surreal. Jodorowsky’s most-noted work in that period was the four-hour-long performance “Mélodrame sacrementel” (1965; “Sacramental Melodrama”), in which he slit the throats of two geese, was whipped, and nailed a cow’s…

Sir Anthony Panizzi was an Italian patriot and man of letters who became famous as a librarian at the British Museum and played a part in the unification of Italy. In 1822 Panizzi was forced into exile to avoid arrest as a revolutionary. He arrived in England in 1823 and, after teaching Italian at

Sir Anthony Panizzi was an Italian patriot and man of letters who became famous as a librarian at the British Museum and played a part in the unification of Italy. In 1822 Panizzi was forced into exile to avoid arrest as a revolutionary. He arrived in England in 1823 and, after teaching Italian at

Sikhism: Guru Gobind Singh and the founding of the Khalsa: The five volunteers became the Panj Piare, the “Cherished Five,” who had proved that their loyalty was beyond question.

Panj River, headstream of the Amu Darya in Central Asia. It is 700 miles (1,125 km) long and constitutes part of the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan. The Panj River is formed between the Hindu Kush and the Pamir Mountains by the junction of the Vākhān River and the Pamir River along the

Chandigarh: The contemporary city and territory: …educational and cultural institutions, including Panjab University (founded 1947), the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, the Punjab Engineering College, the Government College of Art, and the Government Medical College and Hospital. There also are several specialized arts academies. Chandigarh’s local museum houses a rich collection of Gandhara sculptures…

Punjabi language, one of the most widely spoken Indo-Aryan languages. The old British spelling “Punjabi” remains in more common general usage than the academically precise “Panjabi.” In the early 21st century there were about 30 million speakers of Punjabi in India. It is the official language of

Bozorg Alavi: …while in jail he wrote Panjāh va seh nafar (“Fifty-three People”), describing the members of the socialist group and their ordeal in prison, and the short-story collection Varaq-pārahā-yē zendān (“Notes from Prison”).

Kaḍiri, Hinduized kingdom in eastern Java, established about the 11th century. Little is known of the kingdom. According to the Pararaton (“Book of Kings”), a mighty king of eastern Java, Airlangga, divided his kingdom between his two sons before he died in 1049: the western part was called Kaḍiri,

Panjgūr, town, Balochistān province, Pakistan. Situated on the south bank of the Rakhshān River in the Siāhān Range, the town is a market centre and in summer is a temporary administrative seat. It is connected by road to Turbat and Pasni to the southwest. The surrounding semiarid region consists

Panaji, town, capital of Goa state, western India. It lies on the estuary of the Mandavi River at the river’s mouth on the Arabian Sea. Panaji was a tiny village until the mid-18th century, when repeated plagues forced Goa’s Portuguese colonizers to abandon their capital of Velha Goa (Old Goa, or

Hindu Kush: Drainage: …Alīngār, the Konar, and the Panjkora, follow the northeast-to-southwest direction and are then suddenly deflected toward the east-west axis by the Kābul River, into which they flow. The Yarkhun and Ghizar river valleys also take the same east-to-west direction. The Chitral River drains the southern slopes of the eastern Hindu…

Panjnad River, river in Punjab province, Pakistan, formed just below Uch by successive junctions of the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Jhelum, and Chenab rivers. The Panjnad (literally “Five Rivers”) flows 44 miles (71 km) southwest to its junction with the Indus River near Mithankot. A dam on the Panjnad

Hindu Kush: Drainage: …the rivers, such as the Panjshēr (Panjshīr), the Alīngār, the Konar, and the Panjkora, follow the northeast-to-southwest direction and are then suddenly deflected toward the east-west axis by the Kābul River, into which they flow. The Yarkhun and Ghizar river valleys also take the same east-to-west direction. The Chitral River…

Dame Christabel Harriette Pankhurst was a suffragist leader credited with organizing the tactics of the militant British suffrage movement. A daughter of suffrage activist Emmeline Pankhurst and a sister of Sylvia Pankhurst, Christabel Pankhurst advocated the use of militant tactics to win the vote

Emmeline Pankhurst was a militant champion of woman suffrage whose 40-year campaign achieved complete success in the year of her death, when British women obtained full equality in the voting franchise. Her daughter Christabel Harriette Pankhurst also was prominent in the woman suffrage movement.

Emmeline Pankhurst: In 1879 Emmeline Goulden married Richard Marsden Pankhurst, lawyer, friend of John Stuart Mill, and author of the first woman suffrage bill in Great Britain (late 1860s) and of the Married Women’s Property acts (1870, 1882). Ten years later she founded the Women’s Franchise League, which secured (1894) for married…

Chicago: Called the Chicago Transit Authority before shortening its name to that of the city in which it was founded in 1967, Chicago distinguished itself from other rock bands of the late…

pankration, ancient Greek sports event that combined boxing and wrestling, introduced at the XXXIII Olympiad (648 bce). Simple fisticuffs had been introduced in 688 bce. It was particularly popular among Spartans. Contests were savage, with hitting, kicking, twisting of limbs, strangling, and

Olympic Games: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S., 1996: …Danyon Loader (New Zealand), and Denis Pankratov (Russia). In women’s gymnastics the team event was won by the surprising U.S. squad, while the individual contests were dominated by Lilia Podkopayeva (Ukraine), who won two gold medals and one silver, including the title in the all-around. Aleksey Nemov (Russia) was the…

Telipinus: …his edict, Telipinus designated the pankus (a general assembly) as high court in cases of constitutional crimes. In the case of murder, even the king was subject to its jurisdiction. The initiative seems to have been successful, for the stipulations of the edict were generally observed until the end of…

Telipinus: …his edict, Telipinus designated the pankus (a general assembly) as high court in cases of constitutional crimes. In the case of murder, even the king was subject to its jurisdiction. The initiative seems to have been successful, for the stipulations of the edict were generally observed until the end of…

feline distemper, viral disease of cats, kittens two to six months old being most susceptible. Highly contagious, it is caused by a parvovirus that is closely related to canine parvovirus type 2. About 3 to 10 days after exposure to the disease, infected kittens cough and sneeze, have running eyes

feline distemper, viral disease of cats, kittens two to six months old being most susceptible. Highly contagious, it is caused by a parvovirus that is closely related to canine parvovirus type 2. About 3 to 10 days after exposure to the disease, infected kittens cough and sneeze, have running eyes

respiratory disease: Pulmonary emphysema: …centre of the lobule, and panlobular (or panacinar) emphysema, in which alveolar destruction occurs in all alveoli within the lobule simultaneously. In advanced cases of either type, this distinction can be difficult to make. Centrilobular emphysema is the form most commonly seen in cigarette smokers, and some observers believe it…

Panlongcheng, Chinese archaeological site dating to about the middle of the Shang dynasty period (c. 1600–1046 bce). The site, located near the confluence of the Yangtze and Hanshui rivers in central Hubei, was first uncovered in 1954 and underwent extensive archaeological excavation beginning in

consanguinity: Inbreeding and pedigree construction: Such groups are called isolates. Thus, the Samaritans, who have remained a small but distinctive group since the 8th century bc, are considerably inbred, and in the United States some religious groups also live in agricultural colonies as isolates (for instance, the Amish and the Hutterites). Besides these numerically…

Mississippi: Exploration and settlement: Fort Rosalie was renamed Fort Panmure, and the Natchez District was established as a subdivision of West Florida. Natchez flourished during the early 1770s. After the outbreak of the American Revolution (1775–83), Spain regained possession of Florida and occupied Natchez. The Peace of Paris treaties…

Fox Maule Ramsay, 11th earl of Dalhousie was a British secretary of state for war (1855–58) who shared the blame for the conduct of the last stage of the Crimean War. Originally named Fox Maule, he became 2nd Baron Panmure in 1852 and the earl of Dalhousie in 1860. In 1861 he assumed the Dalhousie

Panna, town, northern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is situated in a level area between low hills on a small tributary of the Ken River. The town grew in importance when Chhatrasal, ruler of Bundelkhand, made it his capital in 1675. It was constituted a municipality in 1921. Buildings of

triśikṣā: …of the truth, and (3) prajna (“wisdom”), understood not as a collection of empirical knowledge but as an intuitive experience of ultimate reality, attained in a state of samadhi.

Panna: Also nearby is Panna National Park. Established in 1981 and occupying 210 square miles (543 square km), the park is a noted wildlife sanctuary with populations of leopards and sloth bears. The park was declared a tiger reserve in 1994, but by the early 21st century the tigers…

typography: Type, from Gutenberg to the 18th century: …the printers Konrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz in Subiaco, Italy, brought out an edition of Cicero in 1465, they used a typeface that was explicitly intended to be, but was not, a printed copy of the text of Cicero’s own time. To distinguish this type from the Gothic that was…

prajñapti, in Buddhist philosophy, the denotation of a thing by a word. The concept of prajñapti is especially important in the Mādhyamika (“Middle View”) and Vijñānavāda (“Consciousness-affirming”) schools. Prajñapti is seen as a fictitious construction unrelated to ultimate reality, or

pannekoek, large thin Dutch pancake typically cooked with various sweet or savory fillings, including bacon, cheese, and apples. Those without fillings are often served with such toppings as stroop (Dutch syrup), molasses, treacle (Dutch syrup made from sugar beets), apple butter, or powdered

pannekoek, large thin Dutch pancake typically cooked with various sweet or savory fillings, including bacon, cheese, and apples. Those without fillings are often served with such toppings as stroop (Dutch syrup), molasses, treacle (Dutch syrup made from sugar beets), apple butter, or powdered

pannekoek, large thin Dutch pancake typically cooked with various sweet or savory fillings, including bacon, cheese, and apples. Those without fillings are often served with such toppings as stroop (Dutch syrup), molasses, treacle (Dutch syrup made from sugar beets), apple butter, or powdered

pannekoek, large thin Dutch pancake typically cooked with various sweet or savory fillings, including bacon, cheese, and apples. Those without fillings are often served with such toppings as stroop (Dutch syrup), molasses, treacle (Dutch syrup made from sugar beets), apple butter, or powdered

baking: Panning: An automatic panning device is an integral part of most modern molders. As empty pans, carried on a conveyor, pass the end of the machine, the loaves are transferred from the molder and positioned in the pans by a compressed air-operated device. Before the filled pans are…

Ringuet was a French-Canadian novelist whose Trente arpents (1938; Thirty Acres) is considered a classic of Canadian literature. Panneton became a medical doctor, practiced medicine in Montreal, and taught at the University of Montreal. Although he was a founding member of the French-Canadian

mammal: Muscles: The panniculus carnosus is a sheath of dermal (skin) muscle, developed in many mammals, that allows the movement of the skin independent of the movement of deeper muscle masses. These movements function in such mundane activities as the twitching of the skin to foil insect pests…

dress: Europe, 1500–1800: Then known as a panier (“basket”), it consisted of a basket form on each hip tied in at the waist by tapes. Soon the frame became so wide that women found it difficult to negotiate a doorway or a sedan chair, so a collapsible folding panier was devised, made…

panning, in mining, simple method of separating particles of greater specific gravity (especially gold) from soil or gravels by washing in a pan with water. Panning is one of the principal techniques of the individual prospector for recovering gold and diamonds in placer (alluvial) deposits. The

film: Camera movement: …movements is to turn, or pan (from the word panorama), the camera horizontally so that it sweeps around the scene. It can also be tilted up or down in a vertical panning shot or in a diagonal pan, as when it follows an actor up a stairway. Panning was possible…

Giovanni Paolo Pannini was the foremost painter of Roman topography in the 18th century. His real and imaginary views of the ruins of ancient Rome embody precise observation and tender nostalgia, combining elements of late classical Baroque art with those of incipient Romanticism. His early

Cumberland Sound: …century at many settlements, including Pangnirtung (Panniqtuuq), on the northern shore of the sound. Now primarily a trading post and gateway to Auyuittuq National Park Reserve (8,394 square miles [21,470 square km]), Pangnirtung has a medical centre and hospital, a weather and radio station, and a Royal Canadian Mounted Police…

Győr-Moson-Sopron: …just southeast of Győr, is Pannonhalma Apátság, a Benedictine abbey founded in 969 by Prince Géza and chartered by Stephen I in 1001. Its 300,000-volume library includes the finest medieval archives in Hungary. The abbey was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996. The powerful Esterházy family built a…

Pannonia, province of the Roman Empire, corresponding to present-day western Hungary and parts of eastern Austria, as well as portions of several Balkan states, primarily Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia (Vojvodina). The Pannonians were mainly Illyrians, but there were some Celts in the western part

Veszprém: The University of Pannonia was founded in 1949 as the Heavy Chemical Industry Faculty of the Technical University of Budapest. The city’s industrial sector includes automotive, mechanical engineering, electronics, food-processing, construction, and information technology industries. Pop. (2011) 61,721; (2017 est.) 59,919.

Carpathian Mountains: …Carpathians are found the depressed Pannonian Basin, composed of the Little and the Great Alfolds of Hungary, and also the relatively lower mountain-and-hill zone of Transdanubia, which separates these two plains. Thus defined, the Carpathians cover some 80,000 square miles (200,000 square kilometres).

Ediacaran Period: The Ediacaran environment: …was formed a new supercontinent, Pannotia, which was centred near the planet’s South Pole. Pannotia remained intact until about 550 million years ago when it too began to rift, breaking apart into the continental blocks of Laurentia, Siberia, Baltica, and Gondwana (an ancient supercontinent in its own right that incorporated…

rheumatoid arthritis: …of roughened granulation tissue, or pannus, protrudes over the surface of the cartilage. Under the pannus the cartilage is eroded and destroyed. The joints become fixed in place (ankylosed) by thick and hardened pannus, which also may cause displacement and deformity of the joints. The skin, bones, and muscles adjacent…

South American forest Indian: …Peru and Bolivia live the Pano tribes. The Jívaro of Ecuador are famous headhunters. They cut off the enemy’s head, separate the soft part from the skull, and, with the help of hot sand, reduce it to the size of a fist without altering the physiognomy. They attribute great magical…

South American Indian languages: Macro-Pano-Tacanan: Macro-Pano-Tacanan, a group more distantly related than a stock, includes about 30 languages, many of them still spoken. The languages are located in two widely separated regions: lowland eastern Peru and adjoining parts of Brazil and lowland western Bolivia on the one hand, and…

South American Indian languages: Macro-Pano-Tacanan: Macro-Pano-Tacanan, a group more distantly related than a stock, includes about 30 languages, many of them still spoken. The languages are located in two widely separated regions: lowland eastern Peru and adjoining parts of Brazil and lowland western Bolivia on the one hand, and…

Murcia: Geography: …in the countryside is called Panocho, and it reflects Arab, Catalan, and Aragonese influences.

Erwin Panofsky was a German American art historian who gained particular prominence for his studies in iconography (the study of symbols and themes in works of art). Panofsky studied at the University of Freiburg in Breisgau and was a professor at the University of Hamburg from 1926 to 1933. He

clam: The Atlantic geoduck (P. bitruncata), similar to the Pacific species, occurs from the coast of North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico.

geoduck, (species Panopea generosa), marine invertebrate of the class Bivalvia (phylum Mollusca) that inhabits the sandy muds of the intertidal and shallow sublittoral zones of the Pacific coast of North America from southern Alaska to Baja California. The geoduck is the largest known burrowing

Nicetas Choniates: …theological sphere Nicetas composed the Panoplia Dogmatike (“Thesaurus of Orthodoxy”), a collection of tracts to use as source material for responding to contemporary heresies and to document the 12th-century Byzantine philosophical movement.

Euthymius Zigabenus: …against heresies, with the title Panoplia dogmatikē tēs orthodoxou pisteōs (“The Doctrinal Armory of the Orthodox Faith”). The work has two sections. The first treats heterodox teaching in the primitive church, particularly concerning Christian Trinitarian (God as one nature in three persons) and Christological doctrine (Christ as human and divine…

Akhmīm, town, Sawhāj muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile River, above Sawhāj on the west bank. Extensive necropolises dating from the 6th dynasty (c. 2325–c. 2150 bce) until the late Coptic period reveal the site’s antiquity. In 1981 remains of a temple (Roman period)

Argus, figure in Greek legend described variously as the son of Inachus, Agenor, or Arestor or as an aboriginal hero (autochthon). His byname derives from the hundred eyes in his head or all over his body, as he is often depicted on Athenian red-figure pottery from the late 6th century bc. Argus

panopticon, architectural form for a prison, the drawings for which were published by Jeremy Bentham in 1791. It consisted of a circular, glass-roofed, tanklike structure with cells along the external wall facing toward a central rotunda; guards stationed in the rotunda could keep all the inmates

steel band: …Carnival steel band competition called Panorama in which steel bands were required to play local calypsos. Steel bands responded with elaborate symphonic-style arrangements, creating a grand spectacle that attracted business sponsors. Such sponsorship, along with prizes and fees for appearances, gave steel bands new financial resources with which to procure…

history of publishing: Time magazine: … (founded 1947) in Germany, and Panorama (founded 1962) in Italy derived directly from it. Such magazines did not always develop in exactly the direction that Time had taken, but L’Express was radically changed at least twice by its owners; the first time it followed Time fairly closely. Der Spiegel (“The…

panorama, in the visual arts, continuous narrative scene or landscape painted to conform to a flat or curved background, which surrounds or is unrolled before the viewer. Panoramas are usually painted in a broad and direct manner, akin to scene, or theatrical, painting. Popular in the late 18th and

the Cars: Origins and early years: …year later, the band released Panorama which, while critically panned, features the Top 40 single “Touch and Go.” Shake It Up (1981), the band’s fourth album, is less edgy and more commercially oriented than the previous three. It features the singles “Shake It Up,” “Since You’re Gone” (released as a…

artillery: Azimuth and range: …the adoption of the “goniometric,” or “panoramic,” sight, which could be revolved in any direction and which was graduated in degrees relative to the axis of the gun bore. The gun’s position and that of the target were marked on a map, and the azimuth (the number of degrees…

Saint Ivo of Chartres: …his influential Decretum and his Panormia (17 and 8 books, respectively). His 288 letters reveal contemporary political, religious, and liturgical questions.

Bandırma, port and town, northwestern Turkey, on the Sea of Marmara. It was used in the 13th century by the Latin Crusaders as a base of operation against the Greeks of Asia Minor (Anatolia) and was taken by the Ottomans in the next century. Its protected harbour is now an active transit port

Palermo, city, capital of the island regione of Sicily in Italy. It lies on Sicily’s northwestern coast at the head of the Bay of Palermo, facing east. Inland the city is enclosed by a fertile plain known as the Conca d’Oro (Golden Shell), which is planted with citrus groves and backed by

Diptera: Evolution and paleontology: Diptera belong to the panorpoid complex, which includes Mecoptera (scorpionflies), Trichoptera (caddisflies), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Siphonaptera (fleas), and Diptera (true flies). All are believed to have evolved from an ancestor that lived in moss; four-winged insects that resemble

panpipe, wind instrument consisting of cane pipes of different lengths tied in a row or in a bundle held together by wax or cord (metal, clay, wood, and plastic instruments are also made) and generally closed at the bottom. They are blown across the top, each providing a different note. The panpipe

panpsychism, (from Greek pan, “all”; psychē, “soul”), a philosophical theory asserting that a plurality of separate and distinct psychic beings or minds constitute reality. Panpsychism is distinguished from hylozoism (all matter is living) and pantheism (everything is God). For Gottfried Wilhelm

domus: In the House of Pansa in Pompeii, the dining rooms were furnished with three couches, each seating three people, nine being the accepted number of guests for a Roman feast. Also in that domus a series of small upper-story rooms encircled the atrium and peristyle.

Clément Pansaers was a Belgian poet and Dadaist whose reputation was resurrected some 50 years after his death. Pansaers began working as a wood engraver and sculptor, but he grew interested in the works of Sigmund Freud, Daoism, and Germanic culture, especially German Expressionism, which he

Jo Nesbø: Harry Hole books: Panserhjerte (2009; “Armored Heart”; The Leopard) has Hole tracked down in Hong Kong and persuaded to reengage in police work. Gjenferd (2011; “Ghost”; Phantom) treats the drug scene in Oslo and examines Hole’s experience of fatherhood, and Politi (2013; Police) continues the story begun in Phantom. In Tørst (2017;…

pansexuality, sexual, emotional, and/or romantic attraction toward others regardless of their sex or gender identity. Like other multisexual orientations, such as omnisexuality and polysexuality, pansexuality is considered by some to be analogous to or a subset of bisexuality; others consider

John Amos Comenius: Educational reform: …he had evolved called “pansophy” (see below). After struggling hard to produce them, however, he found that they failed to satisfy anyone. Nevertheless, in the course of his stay at Elbing, he tried to lay a philosophical foundation for a science of pedagogy. In The Analytical Didactic, forming part…

pansori, a traditional genre of Korean narrative song, typically performed dramatically by a vocalist accompanied by a buk (double-headed barrel drum). Built from the word pan, meaning “open space,” and sori, meaning “singing” or “sound,” the term pansori itself is a reference to the markets,

The Science Behind Project Hail Mary: What is the panspermia hypothesis (did life come from outer space)?: …Grace and Rocky discuss is panspermia, the hypothesis that rudimentary life—or its most primitive ingredients—did not originate on Earth but arrived from space, carried by a meteor or some other celestial body. Some proponents of this idea argue that it may have come from other planets, possibly even Mars, and…

abiogenesis: Modern conceptions of abiogenesis: …to Earth is known as panspermia.

pansy, any of several popular cultivated violets of the genus Viola in the family Violaceae. Pansies have been grown for so long a period under such diverse conditions and in such a variety of forms that their origin is uncertain. The numerous forms, with their striking variations in colour, are

Isabella Macdonald Alden was an American children’s author whose books achieved great popularity for the wholesome interest and variety of their situations and characters and the clearly moral but not sombre lessons of their plots. Isabella Macdonald was educated at home and at Oneida Seminary,

Indian Women in STEM: Aditi Pant: Earth sciences—oceanography and marine biology

San Jose: …of the city is the Pantabangan Dam (1974), which provides water for local irrigation and hydroelectric power to Manila to the south. The city is on the main highway from Manila to Aparri on the northern coast of Luzon and has an airfield. Inc. city, 1969. Pop. (2000) 108,254; (2010)…

St. Clement of Alexandria: Early life and career: …Christianity by his last teacher, Pantaenus—reputedly a former Stoic philosopher and the first recorded president of the Christian catechetical School at Alexandria—Clement succeeded his mentor as head of the school about 180.

8 Hollywood Haunts That Are Seriously Haunted: The Pantages Theater: The Pantages Theater, Hollywood’s last glorious movie palace, opened June 4, 1930, near the fabled corner of Hollywood and Vine. An Art Deco masterpiece, it’s still considered one of the most beautiful theaters in the world. In 1949, millionaire-aviator Howard Hughes turned…

Patángoro, Indian people of western Colombia, apparently extinct since the late 16th century. They spoke a language of the Chibchan family. The Patángoro were agricultural, raising corn (maize), sweet manioc (yuca), beans, avocados, and some fruit. Land was cleared by slash-and-burn methods, and

Gargantua and Pantagruel, collective title of five comic novels by François Rabelais, published between 1532 and 1564. The novels present the comic and satiric story of the giant Gargantua and his son Pantagruel, and various companions, whose travels and adventures are a vehicle for ridicule of the

François Rabelais: La vie inestimable du grand Gargantua: Rabelais followed Pantagruel with the Pantagrueline Prognostication, a parody published in 1533 of the almanacs, astrological predictions that exercised a growing hold on the Renaissance mind. In 1534 Rabelais left the Hôtel-Dieu to travel to Rome with the bishop of Paris, Jean du Bellay. He returned to Lyon in May…

dragonfly: Life cycle and reproduction: The globe skimmer (or wandering glider, Pantala flavescens), for example, makes an annual multigenerational journey of some 18,000 km (about 11,200 miles); to complete the migration, individual globe skimmers fly more than 6,000 km (3,730 miles)—one of the farthest known migrations of all insect species.

Mario Vargas Llosa: Literary works and political career: Captain Pantoja and the Special Services, filmed 2000) is a satire of the Peruvian military and religious fanaticism.

Urban IV was the pope from 1261 to 1264. Urban was of humble origin. He was first a priest at Lyon and then professor of canon law at Paris before being elevated to the bishopric of Verdun in 1253. Two years later he was made patriarch of Jerusalem by Pope Alexander IV. Despite not having been made