Crime and Punishment, novel by Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky, first published in 1866. His first masterpiece, the novel is a psychological analysis of the poor former student Raskolnikov, whose theory that he is an extraordinary person able to take on the spiritual responsibility of using evil

Prestwick, burgh (town), South Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, western Scotland, on the Firth of Clyde and contiguous with the city of Ayr to the south. Prestwick’s international airport has grown because of its proximity to Glasgow and its favourable climatic conditions and has

British Open: Courses: …Open was played exclusively at Prestwick Golf Club. Since 1872 it has been played at a number of courses in rotation. Initially the three courses were Prestwick, St. Andrews, and Musselburgh, all located in Scotland. The nine courses in the current rotation are:

Scott Turow: Law background and writing career: His first novel, Presumed Innocent (1987; film 1990 and TV miniseries 2024), was written while he was working as an assistant U.S. attorney in Chicago (1978–86). The story of Rusty Sabich, a deputy prosecutor assigned to investigate the murder of a female colleague with whom he had had…

Alan J. Pakula: Films of the 1990s: Presumed Innocent (1990), an adaptation of Scott Turow’s best-selling thriller, was a return to form for Pakula. Harrison Ford starred as an attorney who has been charged with the murder of his former assistant, with whom he had an affair. Pakula (who cowrote the screenplay)…

Salem witch trials: Aftermath and legacy: …cross-examine one’s accuser, and the presumption of innocence rather than of guilt. The Salem trials and the witch hunt as metaphors for the persecution of minority groups remained powerful symbols into the 20th and 21st centuries, owing in no small measure to playwright Arthur Miller’s use in The Crucible (1953)…

pragmatics: Relevance theory: …they then called the “presumption of optimal relevance” and the “principle of relevance”:

fallacy: Material fallacies: The material fallacies are also known as fallacies of presumption, because the premises “presume” too much—they either covertly assume the conclusion or avoid the issue in view.

applied logic: Logic of questions and answers: …is equivalent to forming the presupposition of the question. For example, suppose that this is done in the desideratum of the question “Who murdered Dick?”—viz., in “I know who murdered Dick,” or symbolically KI(∃x/KI) M(x,d). Then the result is KI(∃x) M(x,d), which says, “I know that someone murdered Dick,” which…

human genetic disease: Genetic testing: …disease, options often exist for presymptomatic diagnosis—that is, diagnosis of individuals at risk for developing a given disorder, even though at the time of diagnosis they may be clinically healthy. Options may even exist for carrier testing, studies that determine whether an individual is at increased risk of having a…

nervous system: Axon: The thickened areas are called presynaptic dense projections, or active zones.

nervous system: Simple mollusks: …mechanism underlying this response is presynaptic facilitation, which is thought to be caused by an increase in the second messenger cAMP in the terminals of the sensory neurons.

nervous system: Axon: Presynaptic terminals, when seen by light microscope, look like small knobs and contain many organelles. The most numerous of these are synaptic vesicles, which, filled with neurotransmitters, are often clumped in areas of the terminal membrane that appear to be thickened. The thickened areas are…

Robert Altman: 1980s and ’90s of Robert Altman: …than these two efforts was Prêt-à-Porter (1994), an impressionistic look at the world of Paris couture that reteamed iconic actors Sophia Loren and Marcello Mastroianni.

Buddhism: Ullambana festival: …those who are suffering as pretas, or hungry ghosts, so that they may ascend to heaven. Under the guidance of Buddhist temples, societies (hui, Youlanhui) are formed to carry out the necessary ceremonies—lanterns are lit, monks are invited to recite sacred verses, and offerings of fruit are made. An 8th-century…

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: The Priest Among the Pigeons). In contrast to the more topical appeal of these writings, the great virtue of Pavese’s narrative was the universality of its characters and themes. Among his finest works may be numbered La casa in collina (1949; The House on the…

human nervous system: The eye: …transmit luminosity information to the pretectum, where particular types of neurons relay the information to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain. The axons of these neurons exit the ventral surface of the midbrain and synapse in the ciliary ganglion. From there, parasympathetic postganglionic neurons innervate…

human nervous system: The eye: …transmit luminosity information to the pretectum, where particular types of neurons relay the information to parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain. The axons of these neurons exit the ventral surface of the midbrain and synapse in the ciliary ganglion. From there, parasympathetic postganglionic neurons innervate…

Martin Scorsese: Films of the 2020s: Killers of the Flower Moon: …and appeared in the docuseries Pretend It’s a City, about humorist Fran Lebowitz, a longtime friend. In the seven-part series, which was filmed during the COVID-19 pandemic, Lebowitz discusses her life and New York City. Pretend It’s a City was Scorsese’s second project involving Lebowitz; Public Speaking, a documentary movie,…

Jackson Browne: …Lindley—Browne had million-selling hits with The Pretender (1976) and the live album Running on Empty (1978); the title tracks from both recordings are among his best-known songs. His musical style ranged from romantic folk rock ballads to up-tempo rock and reggae.

the Pretenders: Formation and early years: …the next year—were included in Pretenders, the group’s debut record album. Pretenders became the top-selling album on the U.K. charts in 1980, and “Brass in Pocket” topped the singles charts in the U.K., Sweden, Ireland, Spain, and South Africa and reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the…

the Pretenders: Formation and early years: The album Pretenders II (which featured the singles “Message of Love,” “I Go to Sleep,” and “Talk of the Town”) and the EP Extended Play were released in 1981. The excesses of touring and drug addiction, however, resulted in Farndon being expelled from the band on June…

the Pretenders, English-American post-punk rock group known for its songwriting, its raw, often stripped-down instrumentation rooted in 1970s and ’80s new wave, and its perseverance through early tragedy. The Pretenders was formed in 1978 by vocalist and guitarist Chrissie Hynde (b. September 7,

James Franco: Other work: His later directorial efforts included The Pretenders (2018) and Zeroville (2019).

Henrik Ibsen: First plays and directing: …own, and in Kongsemnerne (1863; The Pretenders) he dramatized the mysterious inner authority that makes a man a man, a king, or a great playwright. This one play was in fact the national drama after which Ibsen had been groping so long, and before long it would be recognized as…

concrete: It is achieved by either pretensioning or posttensioning processes. In pretensioning, lengths of steel wire, cables, or ropes are laid in the empty mold and then stretched and anchored. After the concrete has been poured and allowed to set, the anchors are released and, as the steel seeks to return…

Western painting: Early and High Baroque in Italy: …in the frescoes (1661) of Mattia Preti at the Palazzo Pamphili, Valmontone (southeast of Rome); but the transition between the High Baroque and the Late Baroque was a continuous process and occurred at different dates with different artists. At Valmontone the sense of dynamic structure characteristic of the High Baroque…

Pleistocene Epoch: Glacial records: …cold period, known as the Pretiglian and based on pollen data from the Netherlands, began about 2.3 million years ago, soon after extensive ice-rafted material first appears in North Atlantic deep-sea cores. The Pretiglian was followed by a succession of warm and cold intervals, which also are based on pollen…

Pretoria, city in Gauteng province and administrative capital of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria stretches along both sides of the Apies River and extends into the western foothills of the Magaliesberg on the east. Founded in 1855 by Marthinus, son of Andries Pretorius, the Boer statesman

National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, zoo near Pretoria, South Africa, that is noted for its wildlife conservation programs. It was opened in 1899 by the State Museum of the South African Republic on a small stretch of land along the Apies River, which flows through Pretoria. In 1913 the zoo

University of Pretoria, state-supported coeducational institution of higher learning at Pretoria, South Africa. It was founded in 1908, when the arts and science courses of Transvaal University College in Johannesburg were transferred to Pretoria. In 1910 the two institutions were separated, the

University of Pretoria, state-supported coeducational institution of higher learning at Pretoria, South Africa. It was founded in 1908, when the arts and science courses of Transvaal University College in Johannesburg were transferred to Pretoria. In 1910 the two institutions were separated, the

South Africa: Urban settlement: …far the largest is the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging complex; centered on Johannesburg, it radiates about 45 miles (70 km) in each direction and is now mostly in Gauteng province. Other urban concentrations are centered on Durban, Cape Town, and the Gqeberha–Kariega (formerly Port Elizabeth–Uitenhage) area. The main centers in these metropolitan areas…

Cortona: The 13th-century Pretorio (or Casali) Palace houses the Etruscan museum. Notable medieval churches include the originally Romanesque cathedral, much altered; the former church of the Gesù, now housing the diocesan museum; and the Gothic churches of San Domenico, San Francesco, Santa Margherita, and Santa Maria del Calcinaio.…

Andries Pretorius was a Boer leader in the Great Trek from British-dominated Cape Colony, the dominant military and political figure in Natal and later in the Transvaal, and one of the major agents of white conquest in Southern Africa. After taking part in several frontier wars in the Cape Colony,

Andries Pretorius was a Boer leader in the Great Trek from British-dominated Cape Colony, the dominant military and political figure in Natal and later in the Transvaal, and one of the major agents of white conquest in Southern Africa. After taking part in several frontier wars in the Cape Colony,

Marthinus Wessel Pretorius was a Boer statesman, soldier, and founder of the town of Pretoria (1855). He was the first president of the South African Republic and also served as president of the Orange Free State, the only man to hold both offices. His plans to unite the sister republics, however,

Jules-Amédée Barbey d’Aurevilly: …against the French Republic, and Un Prêtre marié (1865; “A Married Priest”), dealing with the sufferings of a priest under the new regime. Les Diaboliques (1874; Weird Women), a collection of six short stories, is often considered his masterpiece.

procedural law: Pretrial conference: The discovery process may make the parties aware of significant issues not previously considered or may make it clear that an issue considered important before discovery is no longer so. In order to provide a means for reflecting these changes and also to…

procedural law: Pretrial detention: Incarceration of the suspect before trial most seriously impairs the preparation of an effective defense. Nevertheless, all legal systems permit pretrial detention, though under differing conditions.

procedural law: Stages leading to trial or main hearing: At the pretrial stage, the parties notify each other of their claims and defenses and probe their factual foundations; at the trial stage, they or their counsel attempt to prove their factual contentions before a judge or jury, primarily through the oral examination of witnesses. The verdict…

Minnesota: Minnesota in the 21st century: citizen, Alex Pretti, was shot and killed by federal immigration agents. His death further inflamed tensions and led to additional protests and gatherings denouncing ICE, both in Minnesota and across the nation. Walz then deployed the Minnesota National Guard to support local law enforcement operations and…

Minnesota: Minnesota in the 21st century: citizen, Alex Pretti, was shot and killed by federal immigration agents. His death further inflamed tensions and led to additional protests and gatherings denouncing ICE, both in Minnesota and across the nation. Walz then deployed the Minnesota National Guard to support local law enforcement operations and…

Alice Cooper: …released its first two albums—Pretties for You (1969) and Easy Action (1970)—on his own label. Both albums tended more toward psychedelia than hard rock, and neither was successful.

Louis Malle: In 1978 he directed Pretty Baby, the story of a 12-year-old resident of a brothel in New Orleans. He married the actress Candice Bergen in 1980, and they had a daughter, Chloe Malle, in 1985.

Floyd Mayweather, Jr. is an American boxer whose combination of speed, power, and technical prowess made him one of the best pound-for-pound fighters of all time. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Mayweather earned the nickname “Pretty Boy” during his amateur career because of

Nine Inch Nails: …popularity with its debut release, Pretty Hate Machine (1989), which eventually sold more than three million copies in the United States and signaled a breakthrough into the American mainstream for industrial music. After a drawn-out legal battle with his recording company, TVT, Reznor set up his own label, Nothing Records,…

South American nomad: Rites of passage: …special hut known as the pretty house was erected for initiation ceremonies (as well as for some other rites, such as first menses). Medicine men bled themselves and smeared the novices with blood. There was dancing by the men and singing by the women. Horses were killed and roasted, and…

12 Essential Brat Pack Flicks: Pretty in Pink (1986): This timeless tale of a girl from the wrong side of the tracks (Ringwald) who dates a rich boy (McCarthy) almost didn’t end happily ever after. Preview audiences hated the movie’s original ending, which had McCarthy’s Blane standing up Ringwald’s Andie…

Danica Patrick: She later hosted the podcast Pretty Intense. In addition, Patrick occasionally acted, and her credits included the film Charlie’s Angels (2019).

Phil Spector: Early career: …recordings of Curtis Lee (“Pretty Little Angel Eyes”), the Paris Sisters (“I Love How You Love Me”), and others.

Courtney Love: …acclaim for its debut album, Pretty on the Inside (1991), produced by Sonic Youth’s Kim Gordon.

Anthony Perkins: …in such American films as Pretty Poison (1968), Catch-22 (1970), and WUSA (1970). Some of his other screen credits include The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), and Edge of Sanity (1989). Perkins also appeared in such plays as Look Homeward,

Pretty Polly, (foaled 1901), English racehorse (Thoroughbred) who won 22 of 24 races in her four-year career and earned more than $130,000. Pretty Polly was foaled by Admiration and sired by Gallinule. Exceptional from the start of her career, the two-year-old filly won her first race, the British

shooting star: Major species: …or pretty, shooting star (Primula pauciflorum) and broad-leaved shooting star (P. hendersonii), both native to dry regions of the western United States, are common cultivated species. Several varieties of eastern shooting star (P. meadia), native to eastern North America, are also grown as ornamentals. Western Arctic shooting star (P.…

rhythm and blues: …rubric for the Animals, Them, the Pretty Things, and others. Today a band that advertises itself as rhythm and blues is almost certainly following in this tradition rather than that of the early pioneers.

the Sex Pistols: …second top ten record, “Pretty Vacant,” the Sex Pistols stalled. Barely able to play in the United Kingdom because of local government bans, they became mired in preparations for a film and the worsening drug use of Rotten’s friend Vicious, who had replaced Matlock in February 1977. Their bunker…

Garry Marshall: Films: Pretty Woman and The Princess Diaries: …1990 Marshall directed the blockbuster Pretty Woman, a comedy about an unlikely romance between a ruthless businessman (Richard Gere) and a prostitute (Julia Roberts). The film made Roberts a major star, and some credit Marshall with giving new life to the rom-com genre. He reunited with Gere and Roberts on…

Bryan Adams: …Vallance wrote the score for Pretty Woman: The Musical, a stage version of the 1990 film, which premiered in Chicago in March 2018 and moved to Broadway later that year; it opened in London’s West End in 2020.

wallaby: The pretty-faced wallaby, or whiptail (M. elegans, or M. parryi), with distinctive cheek marks, is found in open woods of coastal eastern Australia.

pretzel, a brittle, glazed-and-salted cracker of German or Alsatian origin. Made from a rope of dough typically fashioned into the shape of a loose knot, the pretzel is briefly boiled and then glazed with egg, salted, and baked. Pretzels are customarily eaten as a snack with beer. In many large

Steely Dan: …Dan reached its peak with Pretzel Logic (1974)—with the hit song “Rikki Don’t Lose That Number”—and Katy Lied (1975). Dragging pop music into its high modernist phase, Becker and Fagen took musical ideas from the entire American spectrum, especially jazz, and compressed them into immediately accessible three-minute vignettes. Their songs…

Hafner ware: …the mid-16th century Paul and Kunz Preuning, potters of Nürnberg, introduced a polychrome style. The large stoves made of these tiles, which are decorated with religious or allegorical subjects, are handsome works of art, as well as functional objects. Although the centre of Hafner ware manufacture was Nürnberg, the industry…

Hafner ware: …and in the mid-16th century Paul and Kunz Preuning, potters of Nürnberg, introduced a polychrome style. The large stoves made of these tiles, which are decorated with religious or allegorical subjects, are handsome works of art, as well as functional objects. Although the centre of Hafner ware manufacture was Nürnberg,…

Hugo Preuss was a German political theorist and legal expert who became the principal author of the constitution of the Weimar Republic. Schooled in the organic-state philosophy of the German political theorist Otto von Gierke, Preuss sustained throughout his own writings the theoretical

Prussia, in European history, any of certain areas of eastern and central Europe, respectively (1) the land of the Prussians on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, which came under Polish and German rule in the Middle Ages, (2) the kingdom ruled from 1701 by the German Hohenzollern dynasty,

Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim: Of higher merit is his Preussische Kriegslieder von einem Grenadier (1758), inspired by the campaigns of Frederick II.

Hausmalerei: …porcelain, and Ignaz Bottengruber and Daniel Preussler, who worked on both Meissen and Vienna porcelain.

Jean Jaurès: His book Les Preuves, asking for Dreyfus’s retrial and rehabilitation, caused his defeat in the elections of 1898.

climate: Circulation, currents, and ocean-atmosphere interaction: …way across the Atlantic, and prevailing westerlies extend the warming effect deep into northern Europe. As a result, January temperatures of Tromsø, Nor. (69°40′ N), for example, average 24 °C (43 °F) above the mean for that latitude. The Gulf Stream maintains a warming influence in July, but it is…

René Préval was a Haitian politician who served as president of Haiti from 1996 to 2001 and again from 2006 to 2011. The son of agronomist Claude Préval, René showed an interest in his father’s career, and in 1963 he left Haiti for Belgium to study agronomy. He earned a degree in that subject from

René Préval was a Haitian politician who served as president of Haiti from 1996 to 2001 and again from 2006 to 2011. The son of agronomist Claude Préval, René showed an interest in his father’s career, and in 1963 he left Haiti for Belgium to study agronomy. He earned a degree in that subject from

prevalence, in epidemiology, the proportion of a population with a disease or a particular condition at a specific point in time (point prevalence) or over a specified period of time (period prevalence). Prevalence is often confused with incidence, which is concerned only with the measure of new

2026 Milano Cortina Olympics: Athletes to Watch: Nika Prevc: …before turning 21 years old, Nika Prevc was already a highly decorated ski jumper. She was the overall World Cup champion in the 2023–24 and 2024–25 seasons and won two gold medals at the 2025 world championships. In March 2025 she flew for 236 meters (774 feet), setting a new…

Greek literature: Literature after 1922: Pandelís Prevelákis published a number of philosophical novels set in his native Crete, the most successful being O ílios tou thanátou (1959; The Sun of Death), which shows a boy learning to come to terms with death.

genocide: Defining genocide: the Nürnberg Charter and the Genocide Convention: …UN human rights treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, also called the Genocide Convention. The convention, which entered into force in 1951, has been ratified by more than 130 countries. Although the United States played a major role in drafting the convention and…

environmental law: The prevention principle: Although much environmental legislation is drafted in response to catastrophes, preventing environmental harm is cheaper, easier, and less environmentally dangerous than reacting to environmental harm that already has taken place. The prevention principle is the fundamental notion behind laws regulating the generation, transportation,…

preventive detention, the practice of incarcerating accused individuals before trial on the assumption that their release would not be in the best interest of society—specifically, that they would be likely to commit additional crimes if they were released. Preventive detention is also used when

war: Limiting conflict: First, “preventive diplomacy,” largely comprising the diplomatic initiatives of the secretary-general and the stationing of peacekeeping forces, has served to contain local conflicts and to prevent escalation, especially the involvement of the superpowers. Second, although the General Assembly’s recommendations have no legal binding force, they have…

breast cancer: Prevention: …BRCA genes, may opt for preventive mastectomy.

preventive medicine, efforts directed toward the prevention of disease, either in the individual or in the community as a whole—an important part of what is more broadly known as public health. Preventive medicine, in addition to reducing the risk of disease, has important roles in preventing

Dean Ornish: …Ornish also founded the nonprofit Preventive Medicine Research Institute (PMRI) in nearby Sausalito. He began the Lifestyle Heart Trial, a controlled study of the effects of a low-fat diet and stress-management regime on a small group of heart disease patients, implementing a unique approach to treating heart disease that he…

Caucasian languages: Grammatical characteristics: …is a developed system of preverbs, elements preceding the verb stem and attached to it, with local meaning indicating location of the action in space, as well as its direction (especially in Mingrelian and Laz). Simple preverbs are combined into complex ones. The preverbs are also used to mark the…

Jacques Prévert was a French poet who composed ballads of social hope and sentimental love; he also ranked among the foremost of screenwriters, especially during the 1930s and ’40s. From 1925 to 1929 Prévert was associated with the Surrealists Robert Desnos, Yves Tanguy, Louis Aragon, and André

human nervous system: The peripheral nervous system: Prevertebral motor ganglia are located near internal organs innervated by their projecting fibers, while terminal ganglia are found on the surfaces or within the walls of the target organs themselves. Motor ganglia have multipolar cell bodies, which have irregular shapes and eccentrically located nuclei and…

Barbarossa: …Charles V’s fleet at the Battle of Preveza (1538), thereby securing the eastern Mediterranean for the Turks (until their defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571). Barbarossa remained one of the great figures of the court at Constantinople until his death.

André Previn was a German-born American pianist, composer, arranger, and conductor, especially sympathetic to French, Russian, and English music of the 19th and 20th centuries. Previn’s family fled Nazi persecution and moved to Los Angeles in 1939. While still a teenager he was recognized as a

The Wolf Man: Production notes and credits:

Woody Allen: The 1990s and sexual-abuse allegations: …the wake of these events, Soon-Yi became Allen’s third wife. (His first marriage had come at age 18, and his second marriage was to actress Louise Lasser. Both of those marriages had ended in divorce.)

Prior restraint is any attempt by government to prevent the expression of ideas prior to publication. As interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court, the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits prior restraint over the press as an unlawful form of censorship in all but the most extreme

Antoine-François, Abbé Prévost d’Exiles was a prolific French novelist whose fame rests entirely on one work—Manon Lescaut (1731; in full Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut; “Story of the Chevalier of Grieux and of Manon Lescaut”). Originally published as the final installment of

Antoine-François, Abbé Prévost d’Exiles was a prolific French novelist whose fame rests entirely on one work—Manon Lescaut (1731; in full Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut; “Story of the Chevalier of Grieux and of Manon Lescaut”). Originally published as the final installment of

Marcel Prévost was a French novelist who made a sensation in France in the 1890s with stories purporting to show the corrupting effect of Parisian education and Parisian society on young women. Prévost resigned his post as a civil engineer after the success of his first two novels, Le Scorpion

Françoise Prévost was a French ballerina, the leading dancer of her generation. Her precision, lightness, and grace helped establish the technique of classical ballet; she was also noted for her mime and dramatic ability. Prévost made her debut at the Paris Académie (now Opéra) in Atys and later

nonfictional prose: Entertainment: A Frenchman, Jean Prévost (1901–44), who was to die as a hero of the Resistance to the German occupation of France during World War II, opened his career as an essayist with precise and arresting analyses of the Plaisirs des sports (1925). But there are surprisingly few…

Marcel Prévost was a French novelist who made a sensation in France in the 1890s with stories purporting to show the corrupting effect of Parisian education and Parisian society on young women. Prévost resigned his post as a civil engineer after the success of his first two novels, Le Scorpion

Leo XIV is the pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. He was elected to the papacy on May 8, 2025, succeeding Pope Francis and becoming the first American pope in history. An Augustinian friar who performed extensive missionary work in Peru and served as head of the Augustinian order from

Sir George Prevost, 1st Baronet was a soldier in the service of Great Britain, who was governor in chief (1811–15) of Upper and Lower Canada (now Ontario and Quebec). He was known for his conciliatory policies toward French Canadians. Prevost attained the rank of major in the British army by 1790.

provost, in French law, an inferior royal judge under the ancien régime, who, during the later Middle Ages, often served as an administrator of the domain. The position appears to date from the 11th century, when the Capetian dynasty of kings sought a means to render justice within their realm and

caries: For example, Prevotella histicola is present in both healthy and cancerous oral tissues and generates acidic metabolites, such as acetic acid and lactic acid, which can damage tooth enamel.