Robin Hood: …most frequent enemy was the Sheriff of Nottingham, a local agent of the central government (though internal evidence from the early ballads makes it clear that the action took place chiefly in south Yorkshire, not in Nottinghamshire). Other enemies included wealthy ecclesiastical landowners. Robin treated women, the poor, and people…

Nottingham: It was incorporated as the University of Nottingham in 1948. The Nottingham Trent University was established as a polytechnic in 1970 and gained university status in 1992. The city has two important theatres—Theatre Royal (1865) and the Playhouse (opened 1963). Literary figures associated with Nottingham include the poet Lord Byron…

Nottinghamshire, administrative, geographic, and historic county of the East Midlands of England, bordered by the geographic counties of Leicestershire, Derbyshire, and Lincolnshire, and by the metropolitan county of South Yorkshire. The administrative, geographic, and historic counties cover

Bruno Maderna: The Notturno for tape (1956) and Sintaxis for four different, unspecified electronic timbres (tone colours) display his interest in new sonorities. His oboe concerto (1962) reveals a more conventional viewpoint, although even in this he made use of small-scale aleatory (chance and improvisatory) operations.

nocturne, (French: “Nocturnal”), in music, a composition inspired by, or evocative of, the night, and cultivated in the 19th century primarily as a character piece for piano. The form originated with the Irish composer John Field, who published the first set of nocturnes in 1814, and reached its

madtom: …American catfishes of the genus Noturus, of the family Ictaluridae. They are sometimes classified in two genera, Noturus and Schilbeodes. Generally about 5–7.5 cm (2–3 inches) long, madtoms are the smallest ictalurids and are characterized by a long adipose fin that in some species joins the rounded tail fin.

madtom: Species include the stonecat (N. flavus), a common, yellow-brown fish usually found under stones by day, and the tadpole madtom (N., or Schilbeodes, gyrinus), a tadpolelike catfish common in the eastern and central United States.

Republic of the Congo: Plant and animal life: …is protected; national parks include Nouabalé-Ndoki, in which dwell more than 300 species of bird and more than 1,000 plant and tree species, and Odzala-Kokoua, which is an important elephant and gorilla sanctuary.

Nouâdhibou, town located in northwestern Mauritania, on Cape Nouâdhibou (Cape Blanco) peninsula facing a protective bay on the Atlantic coast. It has developed as a fishing centre, and fishing continues to be important; but, since 1964, with the completion of a special pier and a 419-mile (674-km)

Nollywood: Digital era (2010s– ): New Nollywood after 2009: Today megastars such as Ramsey Nouah, Genevieve Nnaji, and Ade Otukoya influence popular culture and fashion across Africa. Many across the continent appreciate that the industry’s success enables African filmmakers to create high-quality movies for African audiences on their own terms, without catering to Western sensibilities. As Nigerian cinema…

Nouakchott, city, capital of Mauritania, on a plateau near the West African Atlantic coast, about 270 miles (435 km) north-northeast of Dakar, Senegal. Originally a coastal village on the desert trail north from Dakar, it was developed after independence (1960) as the capital of the new nation.

Mauritania: Education: The University of Nouakchott (1981) has faculties of letters and human sciences and of law and economics. Other advanced education is provided by a research institute for mining and industry, a centre for Islamic studies, and a training facility for administrative personnel in Nouakchott.

Mikhāʾīl Naʿīmah was a Lebanese literary critic, playwright, essayist, and short-story writer who helped introduce modern realism into Arabic prose fiction. Naʿīmah was educated at schools in Lebanon, Palestine, Russia, and the United States. After graduating in law from Washington State University

Assia Djebar: Her movie Nouba des femmes du mont Chenoua, the story of an Algerian woman engineer returning to Algeria after a long Western exile, was released in 1978. Femmes d’Alger dans leur appartement (1980; Women of Algiers in Their Apartment) is a collection of novellas and short stories…

Eugenio d’Ors y Rovira: …1906, he coined the term noucentisme (“1900-ism”) to characterize Catalan culture of the 20th century. He believed that art should be “arbitrary,” or subjectivist, breaking with traditional norms. By extending this concept to the political movement of Catalan nationalism, he was able to characterize a whole program of political and…

François de La Noue was a Huguenot captain in the French Wars of Religion (1562–98), known for his exploits as a soldier and for his military and historical writings. La Noue became a Protestant in 1558 and soon began fighting for the Huguenot cause. Wounded at Fontenay (1570), he had one arm

Dominican Republic: Caudillos of the Dominican Republic: …the accession of the archbishop Adolfo Nouel to the presidency in 1912 failed to stem the disorder, and within four months he too was forced to resign.

Celtic literature: The three major periods of Breton literature: A collection of carols, An Nouelou ancient ha devot (“Ancient and Devout Songs”), appeared in 1650, and a book of metrical meditations in 1651. In general, Middle Breton literature lacked originality, and the indigenous culture of Brittany seems to have been entirely neglected by the educated classes, who introduced…

nougat, aerated confection made by mixing nuts and sometimes fruit pieces in a sugar paste, the composition of which is varied to give either a chewy or brittle consistency. Nougat originated in Mediterranean countries, where honey, together with almonds or other nuts, was beaten into egg whites

Natalie Nougayrède is a French journalist who served as executive editor and managing editor of the flagship French newspaper Le Monde from 2013 to 2014. She was the first woman to head Le Monde since its founding in 1944. After graduating (1988) from the Institut d’Études Politiques (Institute of

Paul Nougé was a Belgian poet and intellectual theorist. He and René Magritte were the most important figures in the Brussels group of Belgian Surrealists. Nougé, who was a biochemist by profession, first developed a wider intellectual audience in 1924 as a coeditor (with Camille Goemans and Marcel

number game: Puzzles involving configurations: …for two players, such as ticktacktoe and its more sophisticated variations, one of which calls for each player to begin with three counters (3 black, 3 white); the first player places a counter in any cell, except the center cell, of a 3 × 3 diagram; the players then alternate…

Nouméa, city, port, and capital of the French overseas country of New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific Ocean, in the southwestern corner of the main island of New Caledonia. It was founded in 1854 as Port-de-France. It is situated on an excellent deepwater harbor protected by Nou Island and a reef.

New Caledonia: Government and society: Under the Nouméa Accord of 1998, New Caledonia has limited autonomy within the French legal system. It sends three representatives to the French parliament: two to the National Assembly and one to the Senate. The French president is the head of state. The heads of government are…

noumenon, in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, the thing-in-itself (das Ding an sich) as opposed to what Kant called the phenomenon—the thing as it appears to an observer. Though the noumenal holds the contents of the intelligible world, Kant claimed that man’s speculative reason can only know

noun, a word that designates a person, place, thing, or idea and that can act as the subject or object of a sentence’s verb. It is one of eight parts of speech in English grammar. Nouns include people, animals, places, physical objects, and ideas. Common nouns are words that designate any one of a

Niger-Congo languages: Noun classes: The system of noun classes is probably the characteristic most widely found in Niger-Congo languages and best known to those interested in language phenomena. Though the extent to which the system operates varies greatly, it is nonetheless found in some form in languages…

linguistics: Chomsky’s grammar: …stands for Sentence, NP for Noun Phrase, VP for Verb Phrase, Det for Determiner, Aux for Auxiliary (verb), N for Noun, and V for Verb stem.

food, substance consisting essentially of protein, carbohydrate, fat, and other nutrients used in the body of an organism to sustain growth and vital processes and to furnish energy. In biological systems these nutrients function as sources of chemical energy and building materials, supporting

Adolphe Nourrit was a French dramatic tenor who created many new roles in French opera. His father, Louis Nourrit, was both a leading tenor at the Paris Opéra and a diamond merchant. Adolphe studied voice with Manuel García, a famous tenor of the time, and at 19 years of age he made his successful

Adolphe Nourrit: His father, Louis Nourrit, was both a leading tenor at the Paris Opéra and a diamond merchant. Adolphe studied voice with Manuel García, a famous tenor of the time, and at 19 years of age he made his successful debut at the Paris Opéra as Pylades in…

Canadian literature: Modern period, 1900–60: …of the Marsh (1925) and Fruits of the Earth (1933), depicting man’s struggle for mastery of himself and his land, are moving testaments to the courage of farmers. Painter Emily Carr wrote stories about her childhood and her visits to First Nations sites in British Columbia (Klee Wyck, 1941).

Edith Nourse Rogers was an American public official, longtime U.S. congressional representative from Massachusetts, perhaps most remembered for her work with veterans affairs. Edith Nourse was educated at Rogers Hall School in Lowell, Massachusetts, and at Madame Julien’s School in Paris. In 1907

Sir Percivall Pott: …later was an apprentice to Edward Nourse, a surgeon at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London. In preparing and dissecting cadavers for Nourse’s anatomy classes, Pott not only became educated in the basic principles of anatomy and medicine but also eventually perfected his surgical technique. In 1736, after seven years under…

nous, in philosophy, the faculty of intellectual apprehension and of intuitive thought. Used in a narrower sense, it is distinguished from discursive thought and applies to the apprehension of eternal intelligible substances and first principles. It is sometimes identified with the highest or

Palmer Hayden: …he painted his well-known watercolour Nous quatre à Paris (c. 1930), which features the artist playing cards with Woodruff and writers Countee Cullen and Eric Walrond, each of whom is depicted in profile with exaggerated facial features, making reference to indigenous African art.

Henri de Saint-Simon: Life.: …and in his best-known work, Nouveau Christianisme (1825; “The New Christianity”), it takes the form of a religion. It was this development of Saint-Simon’s teaching that occasioned his final rupture with Comte. Before the publication of Nouveau Christianisme, Saint-Simon had not concerned himself with theology, but in this work, beginning…

New Democratic Party (NDP), Canadian social democratic political party favouring a mixed public-private economy, broadened social benefits, and an internationalist foreign policy. The New Democratic Party (NDP) grew out of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), which was founded in 1933 as

César: …at the forefront of the New Realism movement with his radical compressions (compacted automobiles, discarded metal, or rubbish), expansions (polyurethane foam sculptures), and fantastic representations of animals and insects.

New Novel, avant-garde novel of the mid-20th century that marked a radical departure from the conventions of the traditional novel in that it ignores such elements as plot, dialogue, linear narrative, and human interest. Starting from the premise that the potential of the traditional novel had been

Unigenitus: …Quesnel contained in the book Réflexions morales, was issued at the request of the French king, Louis XIV, who wished to suppress the Jansenist faction. Louis was able to secure initial acceptance of the bull, but some French bishops (led by Louis-Antoine de Noailles, cardinal-archbishop of Paris) rejected it, and…

diplomatics: Post-Renaissance scholarship: …Charles-François Toustain published their six-volume Nouveau traité de diplomatique (1750–65; “New Treatise on Diplomatic”), a work that surpassed Mabillon’s only in its greater wealth of material. Another important event in the history of the science of diplomatics was the founding of the École des Chartes (an institute for the training…

Western architecture: France: In the Nouveau Traité de toute l’architecture (1714; “New Treatise on All Architecture”) Cordemoy proposed that a new, honest, and economical architecture might be arrived at by abstracting the principles of Gothic construction and applying them in a perfectly regular Classical way. There was no question of…

Arthur Rimbaud: Major works of Arthur Rimbaud: …London in the company of Germain Nouveau, a fellow poet. There they copied out some of the Illuminations. Rimbaud returned home for Christmas and spent his time there studying mathematics and languages. His last encounter with Verlaine, early in 1875, ended in a violent quarrel, but it was at this…

Nord-du-Québec, administrative region constituting the northern half of Quebec province, Canada. The name Nouveau-Québec (“New Quebec”) once was used synonymously with Ungava for that part of the Labrador-Ungava peninsula between Hudson Bay and the Labrador Sea, north of the Eastmain and Churchill

Ungava-Quebec Crater, geologically young crater, produced by an impact event involving a meteorite, located in the northwestern part of the Ungava Peninsula, northern Quebec province, Canada. First recognized as an impact structure in 1950, the crater is 3.4 km (2.1 miles) in diameter and has a rim

Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de Fontenelle: …contributed to this, but the Nouveaux Dialogues des morts (1683, “New Dialogues of the Dead”; 2nd part, 1684) enjoyed a greater success and is more interesting to a modern reader. The Dialogues, conversations modelled on the dialogues of Lucian, between such figures as Socrates and Montaigne, Seneca and Scarron, served…

Hippolyte Taine: Attack on eclecticism: …his second volume of essays, Nouveaux essais de critique et d’histoire (1865; “New Essays of Criticism and History”), including his perceptive articles on Racine, Balzac, and Stendhal (whose psychological acuity he was one of the first to admire). In 1868 he married Mlle Denuelle, the daughter of a well-known architect…

empiricism: Modern philosophy: …l’entendement humain (1704, published 1765; New Essays Concerning Human Understanding), arguing that ideas can be virtually innate in a less trivial sense than Locke allowed. Interpreting Locke’s notion of reflection as reasoning rather than as introspection, Leibniz supposed that Locke was more of a rationalist than he really was.

Jacques Feyder: …returned to France to do Les Nouveaux Messieurs (1928; “The New Gentlemen”), a picture banned by the French government for its lightly satiric treatment of the French Parliament. Feyder spent the next five years in Hollywood, where his pictures included The Kiss (1929), an important silent film starring Greta Garbo;…

Bernard-Henri Lévy: …that became known as the New Philosophers (Nouveaux Philosophes). They launched a severe critique of the Marxism and socialism that had dominated French intellectual life since World War II and to which Lévy himself had previously subscribed. His principal contribution to that movement was La Barbarie à visage humain (1977;…

French literature: Toward the nouveau roman: …on the group dubbed the nouveaux romanciers, or new novelists: Alain Robbe-Grillet, Claude Simon, Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor, and Robert Pinget. Marguerite Duras

Louis-Armand de Lom d’Arce, baron de Lahontan: (New Voyages to North-America), considered the best 17th-century work on New France. The New Voyages also contained a series of dialogues describing the philosophy of the primitive way of life that influenced a subsequent growth of primitivism in France and England, as reflected in the…

Kangxi: Administration of the empire: The famous Nouvel Atlas de la Chine, de la Tartarie chinoise et du Thibet (“New Atlas of China, of Chinese Tartary, and of Tibet”) of Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville is a French version of this original. European painting also fascinated Kangxi. Gio Ghirardini, an Italian layman brought by…

Jean Nouvel is a French architect who designed his buildings to “create a visual landscape” that fit their context—sometimes by making them contrast with the surrounding area. For his boldly experimental designs, which defy a general characterization, he was awarded the 2008 Pritzker Architecture

nouvelle artificial intelligence, an approach to artificial intelligence (AI) pioneered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AI Laboratory by the Australian American scientist Rodney Brooks during the latter half of the 1980s. Nouvelle AI distances itself from strong AI, with its

Nouvelle Amsterdam, island in the southern Indian Ocean, administratively a part of the French Southern and Antarctic Territories (q.v.). An extinct volcano rises to 2,989 feet (911 m) above sea level on the island, which has an area of 18 square miles (47 square km). It was discovered in 1522 by

nouvelle artificial intelligence, an approach to artificial intelligence (AI) pioneered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AI Laboratory by the Australian American scientist Rodney Brooks during the latter half of the 1980s. Nouvelle AI distances itself from strong AI, with its

Louis Ellies Dupin: …whose history of Christian literature, Nouvelle Bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques, 58 vol. (1686–1704; “New Library of Ecclesiastical Writers”), broke with scholastic tradition by treating biography, literary and doctrinal criticism, and bibliography in one work and by writing in a modern language. The opinions he expressed in this work were strongly…

encyclopaedia: Biography: Hoefer compiled the Nouvelle Biographie générale (1852–66; “New General Biography”), and J.F. Michaud was responsible for the Biographie universelle (1811–62; “Universal Biography”). These two great works were to a certain extent competitive, which helped to improve their coverage and content; they are still used in research libraries. After…

Georges Eekhoud: …novel, La nouvelle Carthage (1888; The New Carthage), set in Antwerp, is saved only by the brilliance of its various episodes.

Georges Eekhoud: …novel, La nouvelle Carthage (1888; The New Carthage), set in Antwerp, is saved only by the brilliance of its various episodes.

French literature: La Nouvelle Critique (French New Criticism): ” The new and subversive critical tendencies of the 1960s demanded more of the reader, who was to become an active participant in decoding the text, not a passive recipient. The term New Criticism (not to be confused with the Anglo-American New Criticism, developed…

nouvelle cuisine, eclectic style in international cuisine, originating in France during the 1960s and ’70s, that stressed freshness, lightness, and clarity of flavour and inspired new movements in world cuisine. In reaction to some of the richer and more-calorie-laden extravagances of classic

Louis Hennepin: …full account of his exploits, Description de la Louisiane (1683), later revised as Nouvelle découverte d’un très grand pays situé dans l’Amérique (1697; “New Discovery of a Very Large Country Situated in America”), in which he claimed to have explored the Mississippi to its mouth. This bold assumption was, however,…

Élisée Reclus: (1875–94; The Earth and Its Inhabitants, 1878–94), is profusely illustrated with maps, plans, and engravings and characterized by a brillance of exposition that gives his work permanent scientific value.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Years of seclusion and exile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: …ou, la nouvelle Héloïse (1761; Julie; or, The New Eloise) came out within 12 months, all three works of seminal importance. The New Eloise, being a novel, escaped the censorship to which the other two works were subject; indeed, of all his books it proved to be the most widely…

Batna, city, northeastern Algeria. It lies along the Wadi Tilatou and is situated on a well-watered plain that is bounded on the south by the Aurès Massif and on the north by the Batna Mountains. To the west, the cedar-forested Mount Tougour (Pic des Cèdres) rises to 6,870 feet (2,094 metres).

Louis Feuillade: Judex (1916) and La Nouvelle Mission de Judex (1917–18; “The New Mission of Judex”) feature Judex, the daring detective with the sweeping black cape, a righter of wrongs who was the prototype of many future film heroes. The tremendous success of these pictures saved the French film industry,…

La Nouvelle Revue française (NRF), leading French review of literature and the other arts. It was founded in February 1909 (after a false start in November 1908) by a group that included André Gide, Jacques Copeau, and Jean Schlumberger. The NRF’s founders wished to emphasize aesthetic issues and

Robert Charbonneau: …friend Paul Beaulieu, he founded La Relève (later called La Nouvelle Relève, “The New Relief”), a nationalist review of art, literature, and philosophy (it ceased publication in 1948). In 1940 he and Claude Hurtubise established the publishing house Éditions de l’Arbre. Over the years, Charbonneau worked as a journalist for…

Gustave Flaubert: Mature career: …who had founded the periodical Revue de Paris, urged him to make haste, but he would not. The novel, with the subtitle Moeurs de province (“Provincial Customs”), eventually appeared in installments in the Revue from October 1 to December 15, 1856. The French government then brought the author to trial…

La Nouvelle Revue française (NRF), leading French review of literature and the other arts. It was founded in February 1909 (after a false start in November 1908) by a group that included André Gide, Jacques Copeau, and Jean Schlumberger. The NRF’s founders wished to emphasize aesthetic issues and

New Wave, the style of a number of highly individualistic French film directors of the late 1950s. Preeminent among New Wave directors were Louis Malle, Claude Chabrol, François Truffaut, Alain Resnais, and Jean-Luc Godard, most of whom were associated with the film magazine Cahiers du cinéma, the

Nouvelle-Aquitaine, région of southwestern France created in 2016 by the union of the former régions of Aquitaine, Poitou-Charentes, and Limousin. It is the largest of France’s 13 metropolitan régions. It is bounded by the régions of Pays de la Loire to the north, Centre to the northeast, and

New Caledonia, French unique collectivity in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, about 900 miles (1,500 km) east of Australia. It includes the island of New Caledonia (the Grande Terre [Mainland]), where the capital, Nouméa, is located; the Loyalty Islands; the Bélep Islands; and the Île des Pins.

New Caledonia, largest island of the French unique collectivity of New Caledonia, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean 750 miles (1,200 km) east of Australia. Also known as Grande Terre (Mainland), it is approximately 250 miles (400 km) long and 25 miles (40 km) wide. From its coast, the island of New

New France, (1534–1763), the French colonies of continental North America, initially embracing the shores of the St. Lawrence River, Newfoundland, and Acadia (Nova Scotia) but gradually expanding to include much of the Great Lakes region and parts of the trans-Appalachian West. The name Gallia Nova

Canada: The Company of New France: The French government supplied more active support after the remarkable revival of royal power carried out in the 1620s by Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu. Richelieu sought to make French colonial policy comparable to that of England and…

New Orleans, city, southeastern Louisiana, U.S. Unquestionably one of the most distinctive cities of the New World, New Orleans was established at great cost in an environment of conflict. Its strategic position, commanding the mouth of the great Mississippi-Missouri river system, which drains the

Philibert Delorme: …favour and turned to writing Nouvelles Inventions pour bien bastir et à petits fraiz (1561) and Le Premier Tome de l’architecture de Philibert de L’Orme (1567, revised 1568), two architectural treatises expounding the theories behind his practices. These works also attest to the way in which Delorme successfully grafted the…

Georges Eekhoud: …Kermesses (1884; “Country Fair”) and Nouvelles Kermesses (1887; “New Country Fair”), graphically describe the seamy side of peasant life; his city novels explore the world of the working classes and social outcasts. In the novel Escal-Vigor (1899; Escal-Vigor: A Strange Love), Eekhoud confronted his own homosexuality.

history of publishing: Continental Europe: …and intellectual values; and the Nouvelles Littéraires (1922) was founded by André Gillon as a weekly of information, criticism, and bibliography. After World War II there appeared Jean-Paul Sartre’s left-wing monthly Les Temps Modernes (founded 1945), La Table Ronde (1948), and Les Lettres Nouvelles (1953). In Germany, political magazines included…

Adrien-Marie Legendre: Legendre’s Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes (1806; “New Methods for the Determination of Comet Orbits”) contains the first comprehensive treatment of the method of least squares, although priority for its discovery is shared with his German rival Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Bonaventure Des Périers: …Mirth and Pleasant Conceits, or Novel Pastimes and Merry Tales), the collection of stories and fables on which his fame rests, appeared at Lyon in 1558. The stories are models of simple, direct narration in the vigorous, witty, and picturesque French of the 16th century.

Virgin Soil, novel by Ivan Turgenev, published in Russian as Nov in 1877. Its focus is the young populists who hoped to sow the seeds of revolution in the virgin soil of the Russian peasantry. Turgenev presents realistic and somewhat sympathetic portraits of the many different types of characters

Public Broadcasting Service: …Performances (begun 1972), the science-oriented NOVA (begun 1974), and the current-affairs show Washington Week in Review (begun 1967; later titled Washington Week). Viewers were also drawn to the instructional The French Chef (1963–73), with Julia Child; the political talk show Firing Line (1966–99), hosted by William F. Buckley, Jr.; and…

nova, any of a class of exploding stars whose luminosity temporarily increases from several thousand to as much as 100,000 times its normal level. A nova reaches maximum luminosity within hours after its outburst and may shine intensely for several days or occasionally for a few weeks, after which

Nicolás Antonio: … appeared in two parts (Nova, 1672; Vetus, 1696). The first is a vast bibliography of Peninsular and Spanish colonial writers after 1500, with critical evaluations. The second, a history of Peninsular literature from the reign of Augustus to 1500, marks the emergence of modern bibliography and the transformation of…

Venus: Coronae: (Such features are sometimes called novae, a name given to them when their evolutionary relationship to coronae was less certain.) Once a diapir has neared the surface and cooled, it loses its buoyancy. The initially raised crust then can sag under its own weight, developing concentric faults as it does…

arcádia: In 1790 a Nova Arcádia (“New Arcadia”) came into being, its two most distinguished members being the rival poets Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage, who is now remembered for a few outstanding sonnets, and José Agostinho de Macedo, known for his experiments with the epic form. Curvo Semedo…

João da Nova was a Spanish navigator who in the service of Portugal discovered the islands of Ascension and St. Helena, both off the southwestern coast of Africa. Commanding a fleet of four ships, Nova left Portugal on a voyage to India in 1501. En route he discovered Ascension Island. In India he

NOVA classification, system used to categorize foods according to the extent and purpose of their processing. The NOVA classification divides foods into four groups, ranging from unprocessed or minimally processed items to ultra-processed foods (UPFs). Through the 2010s the system gained

coin: Coins of the United States: …issue of the historic 1783 Nova Constellatio silver patterns of 1,000, 500, and 100 units, from dies by the Englishman Benjamin Dudley, exemplifying the extraordinary Morris Plan, drawn up by Robert Morris, superintendent of finance, which reconciled the diverse colonial moneys of account. In 1786, however, Congress adopted instead the…

star: Peculiar variables: …from Nova Serpentis 1970 and Nova Delphini. The radio emission from the latter objects is consistent with that expected from an expanding shell of ionized gas that fades away as the gas becomes attenuated. The central star of the Crab Nebula has been detected as a radio (and optical) pulsar.

Slovakia: Settlement patterns: Partizánske and Nová Dubnica, both in the west, are examples of new towns founded, respectively, just before and after World War II.

novel: Expressionism: His later novels Nova Express (1964) and The Ticket That Exploded (1962) use obscene fantasy to present a kind of metaphysical struggle between free spirit and enslaved flesh, evidently an extrapolation of the earlier drug theme. Burroughs is a didactic novelist, and didacticism functions best in a fictional…

Nova Friburgo, city, east-central Rio de Janeiro estado (state), eastern Brazil. It is situated on the Rio Grande in the Serra de Nova Friburgo, 2,776 feet (846 metres) above sea level. Nova Friburgo has textile mills but is best known as a summer mountain resort, built in Swiss Alpine style, and

Panaji, town, capital of Goa state, western India. It lies on the estuary of the Mandavi River at the river’s mouth on the Arabian Sea. Panaji was a tiny village until the mid-18th century, when repeated plagues forced Goa’s Portuguese colonizers to abandon their capital of Velha Goa (Old Goa, or

Nova Herculis, one of the brightest novas of the 20th century, discovered Dec. 13, 1934, by the British amateur astronomer J.P.M. Prentice, in the northern constellation Hercules. It reached an apparent visual magnitude of 1.4 and remained visible to the unaided eye for months. At its centre was