Aléxandros Mavrokordátos was a statesman, one of the founders and first political leaders of independent Greece. The scion of a Greek Phanariot house (living in the Greek quarter of Constantinople) long distinguished in the Turkish imperial service, Mavrokordátos was secretary (1812–17) to Ioannis

Styx: …with the stream now called Mavronéri (Greek: “Black Water”) near Nonacris in the Aroania Mountains (near modern Sólos) in Arcadia. The ancients believed that the river’s water was poisonous and would dissolve any vessel containing it except one made of the hoof of a horse or an ass. There is…

Mavura was an African emperor who was installed as the ruler of the great Mwene Matapa empire by the Portuguese. His conversion to Christianity enabled the Portuguese to extend their commercial influence into the African interior from their trading base in Mozambique on the East African coast.

2020 Beirut explosion: Lebanese journalist Dalal Mawad described in The Guardian what she saw in east Beirut:

Martyrs of Uganda: …Kaggwa, chief of Kigowa; and Noe Mawaggali, a Roman Catholic leader. The page Jean Marie Muzeyi was beheaded on January 27, 1887.

Abū Ḥanīfah: …Iraq, and belonged to the mawālī, the non-Arab Muslims, who pioneered intellectual activity in Islamic lands. The son of a merchant, young Abū Ḥanīfah took up the silk trade for a living and eventually became moderately wealthy. In early youth he was attracted to theological debates, but later, disenchanted with…

Mawangdui, archaeological site uncovered in 1963 near Changsha, Hunan province, southeastern China. It is the burial place of a high-ranking official, the marquess of Dai, who lived in the 2nd century bc, and of his immediate family. He was one of many petty nobles who governed small semiautonomous

al-Māwardī was a Muslim jurist who played an important role in formulating orthodox political theory as to the nature of the authority of the caliph. As a young man al-Māwardī entered the service of the caliph and soon came to be entrusted with the conduct of important negotiations with

East African mountains: Physiography: …to the jagged form of Mawensi, or Mawenzi (17,564 feet); the two summits are connected by a saddle that lies at about 14,500 feet. Mount Meru, about 40 miles southwest of Kilimanjaro, attains an altitude of 14,978 feet.

East African mountains: Physiography: …to the jagged form of Mawensi, or Mawenzi (17,564 feet); the two summits are connected by a saddle that lies at about 14,500 feet. Mount Meru, about 40 miles southwest of Kilimanjaro, attains an altitude of 14,978 feet.

Southeast Asian arts: The 15th century: and Robert Herrick; (3) mawgoon (historical verse), half ode, half epic, written in praise of a king or prince and developing out of military marching songs; (4) ayegyin (lullaby), an informative poem usually addressed to a young prince or princess and written in praise of his royal ancestors.

mullah, a Muslim title generally denoting “lord”; it is used in various parts of the Islāmic world as an honorific attached to the name of a king, sultan, or other noble (as in Morocco and other parts of North Africa) or of a scholar or religious leader (as in parts of the Middle East and the

town, southeastern Myanmar. It is an important port on the Gulf of Martaban near the mouth of the Salween River. Mawlamyine was the chief town of British Burma from the Treaty of Yandabo (1826) until the annexation of Pegu in 1852. Sheltered by Bilugyun Island, it is approached from the south and

Rūmī was the greatest Sufi mystic and poet in the Persian language, famous for his lyrics and for his didactic epic Mas̄navī-yi Maʿnavī (“Spiritual Couplets”), which widely influenced mystical thought and literature throughout the Muslim world. After his death, his disciples were organized as the

Aḥmadiyyah: …the death of the founder, Mawlawi Nur al-Din was elected by the community as khalīfah (“successor”). In 1914, when he died, the Aḥmadiyyah split—the original group, which was based in Qādiān and recognized Ghulām Aḥmad as prophet (nabī) and his son Ḥaḍrat Mīrzā Bashīr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Aḥmad (born 1889) as…

Mawlawīyah, fraternity of Sufis (Muslim mystics) founded in Konya (Qonya), Anatolia, by the Persian Sufi poet Rūmī (d. 1273), whose popular title mawlānā (Arabic: “our master”) gave the order its name. The order, propagated throughout Anatolia, controlled Konya and environs by the 15th century and

Mawlawīyah, fraternity of Sufis (Muslim mystics) founded in Konya (Qonya), Anatolia, by the Persian Sufi poet Rūmī (d. 1273), whose popular title mawlānā (Arabic: “our master”) gave the order its name. The order, propagated throughout Anatolia, controlled Konya and environs by the 15th century and

mullah, a Muslim title generally denoting “lord”; it is used in various parts of the Islāmic world as an honorific attached to the name of a king, sultan, or other noble (as in Morocco and other parts of North Africa) or of a scholar or religious leader (as in parts of the Middle East and the

Hassan II was the king of Morocco from 1961 to 1999. Hassan was considered by pious Muslims to be a direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (Ahl al-Bayt). Hassan, after taking a law degree at Bordeaux, France, was appointed commander of the Royal Armed Forces (1955) and deputy premier (1960) and

mawlid, in Islam, the birthday of a holy figure, especially the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (Mawlid al-Nabī). Muhammad’s birthday, arbitrarily fixed by tradition as the 12th day of the month of Rabīʿ al-Awwal—i.e., the day of Muhammad’s death—was not celebrated by the masses of Muslim faithful

mawlid: …of the Prophet Muhammad (Mawlid al-Nabī).

mawlid, in Islam, the birthday of a holy figure, especially the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (Mawlid al-Nabī). Muhammad’s birthday, arbitrarily fixed by tradition as the 12th day of the month of Rabīʿ al-Awwal—i.e., the day of Muhammad’s death—was not celebrated by the masses of Muslim faithful

Mosul, city, capital of Nīnawā muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northwestern Iraq. From its original site on the western bank of the Tigris River, the modern city expanded to the eastern bank and now encircles the ruins of the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh. Located 225 miles (362 km) northwest of

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: …9,005 feet (2,745 metres) at Mawson Peak on Big Ben Mountain. Much of its surface is covered with snow and ice. It was discovered in 1833 by a British sealing vessel and later named for an American mariner, Captain John J. Heard. Colonies of elephant seals and penguins on Heard…

Antarctica: National rivalries and claims: … islands and in 1954 built Mawson Station on the mainland coast of Mac. Robertson Land as a basis for its vast territorial claim. South Africans raised their flag over Prince Edward and Marion islands. France had established permanent bases by 1953 in the Kerguelen and Crozet islands and surveyed much…

Douglas Mawson was an Australian geologist and explorer whose travels in the Antarctic earned him worldwide acclaim. Mawson received a bachelor’s degree in mining engineering from Sydney University in 1902, and his field investigations in the Broken Hill mining area of west-central New South Wales

Douglas Mawson was an Australian geologist and explorer whose travels in the Antarctic earned him worldwide acclaim. Mawson received a bachelor’s degree in mining engineering from Sydney University in 1902, and his field investigations in the Broken Hill mining area of west-central New South Wales

coelacanth: …included members of the genera Mawsonia and Rebellartrix that lived during the Cretaceous and early Triassic periods, respectively, and grew to between 4 and 6 metres (13.1 and 19.6 feet) long.Coelacanthus, the genus from which the order Coelacanthiformes was derived, has been found as fossils in rocks from about 259…

Meghalaya: Climate: …exceeded, however, by that at Mawsynram, a village directly west of Cherrapunji, where rainfall totals of some 700 inches [17,800 mm] per year have been recorded.) Annual rainfall in Shillong, only about 50 miles (80 km) from Cherrapunji, is about 90 inches (2,290 mm). During the winter months (December to…

Ewe: …organized around a creator god, Mawu (called Nana Buluku by the Fon of Benin), and numerous lesser gods. The worship of the latter pervades daily life, for their assistance is sought in subsistence activities, commerce, and war. Belief in the supernatural powers of ancestral spirits to aid or harm their…

West Bengal: Constitutional framework: Most encompass several mawzas (villages).

West Bengal: Constitutional framework: Most encompass several mawzas (villages).

Maximilian, prince of Baden was the prince of Baden and chancellor of Germany, appointed on Oct. 3, 1918, because his humanitarian reputation made the emperor William II think him capable of bringing World War I expeditiously to an end. The son of the grand duke Frederick I’s brother Prince William

Max Factor: …as head of the business, Max Factor & Co., and expanded it internationally.

Multatuli: …most important work, the novel Max Havelaar (1860). Partly autobiographical, it concerns the vain efforts of an enlightened official in Indonesia to expose the Dutch exploitation of the natives. The frame structure of the novel enabled him both to plead for justice in Java and to satirize unsparingly the Dutch…

Jeffrey Tambor: Education and early roles: …TV series Hill Street Blues, Max Headroom, and L.A. Law.

Wilfrid Sheed: …life of a critic in Max Jamison (1970). A reporter views the moral hypocrisy of a candidate in People Will Always Be Kind (1973).

game theory: Games of imperfect information: …is to determine the so-called maximin and minimax values. A first determines the minimum percentage of votes it can obtain for each of its strategies; it then finds the maximum of these three minimum values, giving the maximin. The minimum percentages A will get if it supports, opposes, or evades…

Mülheim an der Ruhr: The Max Planck Institute for Coal Research is where the Fischer-Tropsch process for liquefying coal and the Ziegler process for the production of polyethylene plastics were discovered. The Max Planck Institute for Bioinorganic Chemistry is also in Mülheim. An art museum in the city features 20th-century…

Werner Heisenberg: Postwar years: …which was soon renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics, now in Göttingen. In the postwar years, Heisenberg took on a variety of roles as an administrator of and spokesman for German science within West Germany, a shift to a more overtly political role that was in some contrast to…

Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, official scientific research organization of Germany. It is headquartered in Munich. It was founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft), but its name was changed in 1948 to honour the great German physicist Max

Wilhelm Busch: …narratives with short verse-texts, including Max und Moritz, Der heilige Antonius von Padua, Die fromme Helene, Hans Huckebein, Dideldum!, and Herr und Frau Knopp. By 1910 more than half a million copies of Max und Moritz (which was the forerunner of “The Katzenjammer Kids”) had been printed in German, and…

CBGB: …played at his former hangout, Max’s Kansas City; all drew inspiration both from his Pop-art irony and the distinct Manhattan-ness of his former associates, the Velvet Underground.

Adolphe Max was a Belgian Liberal statesman who as burgomaster of Brussels at the beginning of World War I gained international fame for his resistance to the German occupation. Max studied at the Free University of Brussels and obtained a law degree in 1889. He held office in the governments of

Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, official scientific research organization of Germany. It is headquartered in Munich. It was founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft), but its name was changed in 1948 to honour the great German physicist Max

Maxakali, South American Indians speaking related languages of the Maxakali branch of the Macro-Ge language family. The tribes—Maxakali, Macuní, Kumanaxo, Kapoxo, Pañame, and Monoxo—live in the mountains near the border between the Brazilian estados (“states”) of Minas Gerais and Bahia, near the

recombinant DNA: Methods: …named for American molecular biologists Allan M. Maxam and Walter Gilbert, and the Sanger method, discovered by English biochemist Frederick Sanger. In the most commonly used method, the Sanger method, DNA chains are synthesized on a template strand, but chain growth is stopped when one of four possible dideoxy nucleotides,…

recombinant DNA: Methods: …basic sequencing approaches are the Maxam-Gilbert method, discovered by and named for American molecular biologists Allan M. Maxam and Walter Gilbert, and the Sanger method, discovered by English biochemist Frederick Sanger. In the most commonly used method, the Sanger method, DNA chains are synthesized on a template strand,

Nova Iguaçu, city and suburb of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro estado (state), Brazil. Formerly called Maxambamba, it lies in the Sarapuí River valley at 85 feet (26 metres) above sea level, about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Rio de Janeiro. The city’s varied industries include

Sayyid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan was a Somali religious and nationalist leader (called the “Mad Mullah” by the British) who for 20 years led armed resistance to the British, Italian, and Ethiopian colonial forces in Somaliland. Because of his active resistance to the British and his vision of a

Somalia: Civil war: …Somali National Alliance (SNA) and Cali Mahdi Maxamed (Ali Mahdi Muhammad) of the Somali Salvation Alliance (SSA), tore the capital apart and battled with Siad’s regrouped clan militia, the Somali National Front, for control of the southern coast and hinterland. This brought war and devastation to the grain-producing region between…

palm: Distribution: One species, Maxburretia gracilis, is limited to a few limestone outcroppings in the Langkawi Islands off the Malay Peninsula. The island of New Caledonia has 17 genera and 32 species of palms, all of them endemic. The palms of Madagascar are not yet well known, but 130…

Maxentius was a Roman emperor from 306 to 312. His father, the emperor Maximian, abdicated with Diocletian in 305. In the new tetrarchy (two augusti with a caesar under each) that was set up after these abdications, Maxentius was passed over in favour of Flavius Valerius Severus, who was made a

Basilica of Constantine, large, roofed hall in Rome, begun by the emperor Maxentius and finished by Constantine about ad 313. This huge building, the greatest of the Roman basilicas, covered about 7,000 square yards (5,600 square m) and included a central nave that was 265 feet (80 m) long and 83

Maxentius was a Roman emperor from 306 to 312. His father, the emperor Maximian, abdicated with Diocletian in 305. In the new tetrarchy (two augusti with a caesar under each) that was set up after these abdications, Maxentius was passed over in favour of Flavius Valerius Severus, who was made a

Philadelphia 76ers: …leading role for rising guard Tyrese Maxey, who had been drafted in 2020. In January 2024 Embiid suffered a torn meniscus in his knee, but he was able to rejoin the team for the playoffs. There the Sixers lost a closely fought series against the New York Knicks in the…

palm: Ecology: …habitats as limestone outcrops (Maxburretia rupicola), serpentine soils (Gulubia hombronii), or river margins (Astrocaryum jauari, Leopoldinia pulchra) where competition is limited.

jaw: The upper jaw is firmly attached to the nasal bones at the bridge of the nose; to the frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, and zygomatic bones within the eye socket; to the palatine and sphenoid bones in the roof of the mouth; and at the side, by an…

insect: Head: …pair of structures called first maxillae, each consisting of a bladelike lacinia, a hoodlike galea, and a segmented palp bearing sense organ. The paired second maxillae are partly fused in the midline to form the lower lip, or labium. Sometimes a median tonguelike structure, called the hypopharynx, arises from the…

malacostracan: Size range and diversity of structure: The first and second maxillae are short, with variable numbers of inner biting plates (endites) and often with outer lobes (epipodites), but the palps are short or lacking.

malacostracan: Size range and diversity of structure: The first and second maxillae are short, with variable numbers of inner biting plates (endites) and often with outer lobes (epipodites), but the palps are short or lacking.

malacostracan: Size range and diversity of structure: The first and second maxillae are short, with variable numbers of inner biting plates (endites) and often with outer lobes (epipodites), but the palps are short or lacking.

Maxillaria, large genus of tropical American orchids (family Orchidaceae). The genus traditionally has included more than 300 species, most of which are epiphytic and grow at high altitudes; however, the taxonomy of the group is contentious. Several species are cultivated for their fragrant

branchiopod: The excretory system: …branchiopod excretory organ is the maxillary, or shell, gland, so called because loops of the excretory duct can be seen in the wall of the carapace. In the nauplius larva the excretory function is performed by a gland opening on the antennae, but this degenerates as the animal grows and…

human nervous system: Maxillary nerve: The maxillary nerve courses through the cavernous sinus below the ophthalmic nerve and passes through the foramen rotundum into the orbital cavity. Branches of the maxillary nerve are (1) the meningeal branches, which serve the dura mater of the middle cranial fossa, (2)…

human respiratory system: The nose: Correspondingly, they are called the maxillary sinus, which is the largest cavity; the frontal sinus; the ethmoid sinuses; and the sphenoid sinus, which is located in the upper posterior wall of the nasal cavity. The sinuses have two principal functions: because they are filled with air, they help keep the…

crustacean: Appendages: These limbs are called maxillipeds. In the decapods there are three sets of paired maxillipeds. In the copepods the maxillipeds are followed by four pairs of swimming legs; a fifth pair is sometimes highly modified for reproductive purposes and is sometimes reduced to a mere vestige. Behind the decapod…

prosthodontics: Maxillofacial prosthodontics, a subspecialty of prosthodontics, is concerned with the correction of deformities of the face and head and restoration of normal function by means of prostheses. Deformities may be congenital, acquired (through trauma or surgical treatment, as of cancer), or developmental (stemming from some…

crustacean: Annotated classification: Class Maxillopoda Five pairs of head appendages; single, simple, median eye; antennules uniramous; maxillae usually present; up to 11 trunk segments; over 23,000 species. Subclass Thecostraca Bivalved carapace of cypris larva forms an enveloping mantle in the adult; parasitic forms recognizable only by larval stages. Subclass…

malacostracan: Size range and diversity of structure: The first and second maxillae are short, with variable numbers of inner biting plates (endites) and often with outer lobes (epipodites), but the palps are short or lacking.

Maxim machine gun, first fully automatic machine gun (q.v.), developed by engineer and inventor Hiram Maxim in about 1884, while he was residing in England. It was manufactured by Vickers and was sometimes known as the Vickers-Maxim and sometimes just Vickers. These guns were used by every major

restaurant: French restaurants of the 19th century: …la belle époque, the luxurious Maxim’s, on the rue Royale, became the social and culinary centre of Paris. The restaurant temporarily declined after World War I but recovered under new management, to become an outstanding gastronomic shrine.

Hiram Maxim was a prolific inventor best known for the Maxim machine gun. The eldest son of a farmer who was a locally notable mechanic, Maxim was apprenticed at age 14 to a carriage maker. Exhibiting an early genius for invention, he obtained his first patent in 1866, for a hair-curling iron. His

Hiram Percy Maxim was an American inventor and manufacturer known especially for the “Maxim silencer” gun attachment. Son and nephew of famous inventors, Maxim graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then in Boston, at age 16 and by 1890 was superintendent of the American Projectile

Hudson Maxim was an American inventor of explosives extensively used in World War I. Maxim’s study of chemistry at Wesleyan Seminary in Kent’s Hill, Maine, led to a hypothesis concerning the compound nature of atoms not unlike the atomic theory later accepted. In 1888, as a member of the gun and

Hiram Maxim was a prolific inventor best known for the Maxim machine gun. The eldest son of a farmer who was a locally notable mechanic, Maxim was apprenticed at age 14 to a carriage maker. Exhibiting an early genius for invention, he obtained his first patent in 1866, for a hair-curling iron. His

Hudson Maxim: Schupphaus, he developed the Maxim-Schupphaus smokeless powder, the first in the United States and the first adopted by the U.S. government. He next invented a smokeless cannon powder, with cylindrical grains so perforated that it burned more rapidly, which was widely used during World War I. In 1897 he…

Máxima is an Argentine-born Dutch queen consort of Willem-Alexander, king of the Netherlands from 2013. Máxima was the daughter of Jorge Horacio Zorreguieta, a former minister of agriculture under the Argentine military dictatorship of Jorge Videla, and María del Carmen Cerruti de Zorreguieta. She

Holy Week: History: …revised according to the decree Maxima Redemptionis, issued by Pope Pius XII, to restore the services to the time of day corresponding to that of the events discussed in scripture. In 2016 the observances were revised again in the decree In Missa in Cena Domini, issued by Pope Francis, to…

Russia: The revolution of 1905–06: …of terrorism, waged by the Maximalists of the Socialist Revolutionary Party against policemen and officials, claimed hundreds of lives in 1905–07. The police felt able to combat it only by infiltrating their agents into the revolutionary parties and particularly into the terrorist detachments of these parties. This use of double…

epigram: The Maximes (1665) of François VI, Duke de La Rochefoucauld marked one of the high points of the epigram in French, influencing such later practitioners as Voltaire. In England, John Dryden, Alexander Pope, and Jonathan Swift produced some of the most memorable epigrams of their time.

Maximian was a Roman emperor with Diocletian from ad 286 to 305. Born of humble parents, Maximian rose in the army, on the basis of his military skill, to become a trusted officer and friend of the emperor Diocletian, who made him caesar July 21, 285, and augustus April 1, 286. Maximian thus became

Galerius was a Roman emperor from 305 to 311, notorious for his persecution of Christians. Galerius was born of humble parentage and had a distinguished military career. On March 1, 293, he was nominated as caesar by the emperor Diocletian, who governed the Eastern part of the empire. Galerius

Maximian was a Roman emperor with Diocletian from ad 286 to 305. Born of humble parents, Maximian rose in the army, on the basis of his military skill, to become a trusted officer and friend of the emperor Diocletian, who made him caesar July 21, 285, and augustus April 1, 286. Maximian thus became

Maximilian was an archduke of Austria and the emperor of Mexico, a man whose naive liberalism proved unequal to the international intrigues that had put him on the throne and to the brutal struggles within Mexico that led to his execution. The younger brother of Emperor Francis Joseph, he served as

Maximilian I was the archduke of Austria, German king, and Holy Roman emperor (1493–1519) who made his family, the Habsburgs, dominant in 16th-century Europe. He added vast lands to the traditional Austrian holdings, securing the Netherlands by his own marriage, Hungary and Bohemia by treaty and

Maximilian I was the last Wittelsbach prince-elector of Bavaria (1799–1806) and first king of Bavaria (1806–25). His alliance with Napoleon gained him a monarch’s crown and enabled him to turn the scattered, poorly administered Bavarian holdings into a consolidated modern state. Maximilian Joseph,

Maximilian I was the duke of Bavaria from 1597 and elector from 1623, a champion of the Roman Catholic side during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). After a strict Jesuit education and a fact-finding trip to Bohemia and Italy, Maximilian succeeded to the ducal throne on his father’s abdication in

Maximilian II was the king of Bavaria from 1848 to 1864, whose attempt to create a “third force” in German affairs by an alliance of smaller states led by Bavaria, foundered on the opposition of the two dominant states, Prussia and Austria, and of the German parliament. Maximilian, the eldest son

Maximilian II was the Holy Roman emperor from 1564, whose liberal religious policies permitted an interval of peace between Roman Catholics and Protestants in Germany after the first struggles of the Reformation. A humanist and patron of the arts, he largely failed to achieve his political goals,

Maximilian II Emanuel was the elector of Bavaria from 1679 and an able soldier whose quest for dynastic aggrandizement led him into a series of wars, first as an ally of the House of Habsburg, later against it, an enmity that nearly cost him his holdings. Maximilian Emanuel, the son of the elector

Maximilian III Joseph was the elector of Bavaria (1745–77), son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles VII. By the Peace of Füssen signed on April 22, 1745, he obtained restitution of his dominions lost by his father—on condition, however, that he formally acknowledge the Pragmatic Sanction and not seek

Maximilian I was the last Wittelsbach prince-elector of Bavaria (1799–1806) and first king of Bavaria (1806–25). His alliance with Napoleon gained him a monarch’s crown and enabled him to turn the scattered, poorly administered Bavarian holdings into a consolidated modern state. Maximilian Joseph,

Maximilian, prince of Baden was the prince of Baden and chancellor of Germany, appointed on Oct. 3, 1918, because his humanitarian reputation made the emperor William II think him capable of bringing World War I expeditiously to an end. The son of the grand duke Frederick I’s brother Prince William

Maximilian, prince of Baden was the prince of Baden and chancellor of Germany, appointed on Oct. 3, 1918, because his humanitarian reputation made the emperor William II think him capable of bringing World War I expeditiously to an end. The son of the grand duke Frederick I’s brother Prince William

Maximinus was the first soldier who rose through the ranks to become Roman emperor (235–238). His reign marked the beginning of a half century of civil war in the empire. Originally from Thrace, he is said to have been a shepherd before enlisting in the army. There his immense strength attracted

Stefan George: …striving for significance in “Maximin” (Maximilian Kronberger [1888–1904]), a beautiful and gifted youth whom he met in Munich in 1902. After the boy’s death George claimed that he had been a god, glorifying him in his later poetry and explaining his attitude to him in Maximin, ein Gedenkbuch (privately…

ancient Rome: The reign of Valentinian and Valens: …369, under the influence of Maximin, the prefect of Gaul, he initiated a period of terror, which struck the great senatorial families. Meanwhile, religious peace reigned in the West, tolerance was proclaimed, and after some difficulty, Rome found a great pope in Damasus, who, beginning in 373, actively supported the…

ethics: Rawls’s theory of justice: …is known as the “maximin” principle, because it seeks to maximize the welfare of those at the minimum level of society. Such a principle might be thought to lead directly to an insistence on the equal distribution of goods, but Rawls pointed out that, if one accepts certain assumptions…

game theory: Games of imperfect information: …is to determine the so-called maximin and minimax values. A first determines the minimum percentage of votes it can obtain for each of its strategies; it then finds the maximum of these three minimum values, giving the maximin. The minimum percentages A will get if it supports, opposes, or evades…