Miriam Makeba was a South African-born singer who became known as Mama Afrika, one of the world’s most prominent Black African performers in the 20th century. The daughter of a Swazi mother and a Xhosa father, Makeba grew up in Sophiatown, a segregated Black township outside of Johannesburg and

Miriam Makeba was a South African-born singer who became known as Mama Afrika, one of the world’s most prominent Black African performers in the 20th century. The daughter of a Swazi mother and a Xhosa father, Makeba grew up in Sophiatown, a segregated Black township outside of Johannesburg and

Queen of Sheba was, according to Jewish and Islamic traditions, the ruler of the kingdom of Sabaʾ (or Sheba) in southwestern Arabia. In the biblical account of the reign of King Solomon, she visited his court at the head of a camel caravan bearing gold, jewels, and spices. The story provides

Randall Robinson: …other works included the novel Makeda (2011), about an African American family in the 1950s.

Macedonia, region in the south-central Balkans that comprises north-central Greece, southwestern Bulgaria, and the independent Republic of North Macedonia. The traditional boundaries of the geographical region of Macedonia are the lower Néstos (Mesta in Bulgaria) River and the Rhodope Mountains on

Macedonia, traditional region of Greece, comprising the north-central portion of the country. Greek Macedonia has an area of about 13,200 square miles (34,200 square km). It is bounded by Albania to the west, independent North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, the Greek region of Thrace (Thráki)

Macedonia, region in the south-central Balkans that comprises north-central Greece, southwestern Bulgaria, and the independent Republic of North Macedonia. The traditional boundaries of the geographical region of Macedonia are the lower Néstos (Mesta in Bulgaria) River and the Rhodope Mountains on

North Macedonia, landlocked country of the south-central Balkans. It is bordered to the north by Kosovo and Serbia, to the east by Bulgaria, to the south by Greece, and to the west by Albania. The capital is Skopje. The Republic of North Macedonia is located in the northern part of the area

Macedonia, region in the south-central Balkans that comprises north-central Greece, southwestern Bulgaria, and the independent Republic of North Macedonia. The traditional boundaries of the geographical region of Macedonia are the lower Néstos (Mesta in Bulgaria) River and the Rhodope Mountains on

Macedonian language, South Slavic language that is most closely related to Bulgarian and is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. Macedonian is the official language of the Republic of North Macedonia, where it is spoken by more than 1.3 million people. The Macedonian language is also spoken in Greek

Makiyivka, city, eastern Ukraine. The city was founded as Dmitriyevsk (Dmytriyivsk) in 1899 with the establishment of a metallurgical works; the nearby small village of Makiyivka was later absorbed into the city. Dmitriyevsk subsequently developed as one of the largest coal-mining and industrial

Makiyivka, city, eastern Ukraine. The city was founded as Dmitriyevsk (Dmytriyivsk) in 1899 with the establishment of a metallurgical works; the nearby small village of Makiyivka was later absorbed into the city. Dmitriyevsk subsequently developed as one of the largest coal-mining and industrial

Mary Barra, née Mary Teresa Makela (born December 24, 1961, Waterford, Michigan), is chief executive officer and chair of the board of General Motors Company (GM). When she was appointed CEO in 2014, Barra became the first woman to head a global automaker. Growing up in suburban Detroit, Barra was

Makemake, dwarf planet orbiting the Sun beyond the orbit of Pluto. Originally called 2005 FY9, Makemake is named after the creator god of the Polynesian inhabitants of Easter Island; the name alludes to its discovery by astronomers at Palomar Observatory on March 31, 2005, a few days after Easter.

Francis Makemie was a colonial Presbyterian leader at Accomack, Va., who joined in forming the first American presbytery (1706) that united the scattered Dissenting churches in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. During the 1680s and ’90s Makemie had preached and traded in Virginia,

Makeni, town, central Sierra Leone. Makeni grew as a trade and collecting centre among the Temne people. Palm oil and kernels and rice collected in Makeni are transported by road to Freetown, 85 miles (135 km) west-southwest. The town is known for Gara tie-dyeing, an important industrial activity

Andrey Donatovich Sinyavsky: In the novel The Makepeace Experiment (1965), a village boss hoodwinks his constituents with myths and magic. Also smuggled to the West was the essay On Socialist Realism (1960), which called for a new inventiveness in Soviet literature.

makar, any of the Scottish courtly poets who flourished from about 1425 to 1550. The best known are Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas, and Sir David Lyndsay; the group is sometimes expanded to include James I of Scotland and Harry the Minstrel, or Blind Harry. Because Geoffrey Chaucer

St. Ambrose: Literary and musical accomplishments: …earth and sky”) and “Deus Creator omnium” (“Maker of all things, God most high”). He spared no pains in instructing candidates for baptism. He denounced social abuses (notably in the sermons De Nabuthe [“On Naboth”]) and frequently secured pardon for condemned men. He advocated the most austere asceticism: Noble…

Kampala: …and is the seat of Makerere University, which was founded in 1922 and became a university college in 1949 and a university in 1970; for many years it was the only such educational institution in East Africa. Kampala also has the Uganda Museum and the Tombs of Buganda Kings at…

makar, any of the Scottish courtly poets who flourished from about 1425 to 1550. The best known are Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas, and Sir David Lyndsay; the group is sometimes expanded to include James I of Scotland and Harry the Minstrel, or Blind Harry. Because Geoffrey Chaucer

American literature: Socio-literary critics: …critical position in the popular Makers and Finders series, which included The Flowering of New England (1936), New England: Indian Summer (1940), The World of Washington Irving (1944), The Times of Melville and Whitman (1947), and The Confident Years (1952). These books wove an elaborate cultural tapestry of the major…

printing: Makeup of letterpress copy: …alloy, is an operation called makeup. This is preceded, if the same form is to include several smaller pages to be printed together, such as a book, by an operation called imposition, which consists in laying out the pages in the form so that they are in their numerical order…

makeup, in the performing arts, motion pictures, or television, any of the materials used by actors for cosmetic purposes and as an aid in taking on the appearance appropriate to the characters they play. (See also cosmetic.) In the Greek and Roman theatre the actors’ use of masks precluded the

cosmetic, any of several preparations (excluding soap) that are applied to the human body for beautifying, preserving, or altering the appearance or for cleansing, colouring, conditioning, or protecting the skin, hair, nails, lips, eyes, or teeth. See also makeup; perfume. The earliest cosmetics

baking: Makeup: …of devices loosely classified as makeup equipment. In the manufacture of pan bread, makeup equipment includes the divider, the rounder, the intermediate proofer, the molder, and the panner.

Makiyivka, city, eastern Ukraine. The city was founded as Dmitriyevsk (Dmytriyivsk) in 1899 with the establishment of a metallurgical works; the nearby small village of Makiyivka was later absorbed into the city. Dmitriyevsk subsequently developed as one of the largest coal-mining and industrial

Makgadikgadi, region of sandy alkaline clay depressions (pans) in northeastern Botswana. The pans form a broad inland basin that descends gradually from 3,150 feet (960 m) in the west to 2,975 feet (900 m) and then rise more steeply to between 3,500 and 4,000 feet (1,050 and 1,200 m) eastward. They

Makgadikgadi, region of sandy alkaline clay depressions (pans) in northeastern Botswana. The pans form a broad inland basin that descends gradually from 3,150 feet (960 m) in the west to 2,975 feet (900 m) and then rise more steeply to between 3,500 and 4,000 feet (1,050 and 1,200 m) eastward. They

Makhachkala, port and capital of Dagestan republic, southwestern Russia. The city is situated along the western shore of the Caspian Sea, at the northern end of a narrow coastal plain. Founded as the Petrovskoye fortress in 1844, it became Petrovsk Port in 1857 and was renamed in 1921 after the

Makhanda, city, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. The city lies on the wooded slopes of the Suur Mountains near the source of the Kowie River. It was founded in 1812 by Colonel John Graham—for whom the town was initially named Grahamstown—as a frontier garrison post near Xhosa territory. British

African literature: Zulu: Inzululwane]), N.J. Makhaye (Isoka lakwaZulu [1972; “The Young Man of kwaZulu”]), M.T. Mazibuko (Ithongwane [1969; “Snuffbox”]), and Elliot Alphas Nsizwane kaTimothy Mkize (Kuyokoma Amathe [1970; “Until the Mouth Dries Up”]).

History of film: Iran: Moshen Makhmalbaf made his name as a director of such films as Salaam Cinema (1995), Nun va goldoon (1996; A Moment of Innocence), and the visually stunning Gabbeh (1996), and he also served as screenwriter and producer for other family members. Samira Makhmalbaf, his daughter,…

anarchism: Decline of European anarchism: In the south, N.I. Makhno, a peasant anarchist, raised an insurrectionary army that used brilliant guerrilla tactics to hold a large part of Ukraine from both the Red and the White armies, but the social experiments developed under Makhno’s protection were rudimentary, and, when he was driven into…

Mswati III is a member of the Swazi royal family who became king of Swaziland in 1986. Born to King Sobhuza II and one of his wives, Ntombi Twala, he was given the title of Prince Makhosetive (King of All Nations). The young prince was one of more than 60 sons that Sobhuza had with his many wives.

Cave of the Patriarchs, or Sanctuary of Abraham, holy site believed to be the resting place of the biblical patriarchs and matriarchs Sarah, Abraham, Isaac, Rebekah, Leah, and Jacob, located in the West Bank city of Hebron. Hebron’s Old City is built around the tomb complex, which is a place of

Murshidabad, town, central West Bengal state, northeastern India. The town, lying just east of the Bhagirathi River, is an agricultural trade and silk-weaving centre. Originally called Makhsudabad, it was reputedly founded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in the 16th century. In 1704 the nawab (ruler)

Negev: …feature is the large elongate makhteshim, or erosion craters, surrounded by high cliffs. These were created by the erosion of upward-folded strata (anticlines) combined with horizontal stresses. The largest of these are Makhtesh Ramon, 23 miles (37 km) long and up to 5 miles (8 km) wide, and Ha-Makhtesh Ha-Gadol…

Turkmen literature: But it was Makhtumquli Fïrāghī (Maghdïmgïlï), Āzādī’s son and the most important figure in Turkmen literature, who began to write in a form of the Turkmen language and who set Turkmen writing on the track it would travel throughout the rest of the 18th century and into the…

Makua language, a Bantu language that is closely related to Lomwe and is spoken in northern Mozambique. The Bantu languages form a subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Makua had about six million speakers in the late 20th century, and Lomwe two

African music: Musical bows: …other types, like the Swazi makhweyane, a noose or brace divides the string so as to yield two different “open” notes, and resonated harmonics are selected in the same way.

ʿAbd al-Muʾmin: ʿAbd al-Muʾmin’s government: …and a central administration (the makhzan) modeled on those of Muslim Spain, which was staffed largely by Spanish Muslims. A government land registry was improvised to assure the dynasty regular revenue. ʿAbd al-Muʾmin fully accepted the responsibilities of an art patron, but, remembering the puritanical austerity of Ibn Tūmart, he…

Fumihiko Maki was a postwar Japanese architect who fused the lessons of Modernism with Japanese architectural traditions. Maki studied architecture with Tange Kenzō at the University of Tokyo (B.A., 1952). He then attended the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan (1952–53), and

maki-e, (Japanese: “sprinkled picture”), lacquer ware on which the design is made by sprinkling or spraying wet lacquer with metallic powder, usually gold or silver, from a dusting tube, sprinkler canister (makizutsu), or hair-tipped paint brush (kebo). The technique was developed mainly during the

raden: In the makigai-hō technique, shells are crushed into particles and scattered over the background.

Sōka-gakkai: …was founded in 1930 by Makiguchi Tsunesaburō, a former elementary-school principal, under the name Sōka-kyōiku-gakkai (“Value-Creation Educational Society”). Makiguchi stressed the pragmatic benefit of religion and set as his goal three values: bi (“beauty”), ri (“gain”), and zen (“goodness”). The society suffered from the government’s repressive policies toward religious groups…

makimono, in Japanese art, hand scroll, or scroll painting designed to be held in the hand (as compared to a hanging scroll). See scroll

Butaritari Atoll, coral atoll of the Gilbert Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Located in the northern Gilberts, it comprises a central lagoon (11 miles [18 km] wide) ringed by islets. The lagoon provides a good deep anchorage with three passages to the open sea. Most of

Blended families, in which spouses have remarried and bring children from previous marriages into the new family, face unique challenges in estate planning. Remarried spouses may have different assumptions about allocating expenses, managing individual debt, and how children from prior marriages

Charlie Chaplin: Early life and career: Though his first Keystone one-reeler, Making a Living (1914), was not the failure that historians have claimed, Chaplin’s initial screen character, a mercenary dandy, did not show him to best advantage. Ordered by Sennett to come up with a more-workable screen image, Chaplin improvised an outfit consisting of a too-small…

Steven Avery: …hugely popular TV documentary series Making a Murderer (2015 and 2018).

Ansel Adams: Maturity: …to commission Adams to create Making a Photograph (1935), a guide to photographic technique illustrated primarily with his own photographs. This book was a remarkable success, partly because of the astonishing quality of its letterpress reproductions, which were printed separately from the text and tipped into the book page. These…

Constance Wu: Making a Scene: Published in 2022, Making a Scene reveals that she had been sexually harassed by a producer on Fresh Off the Boat and that she had attempted suicide in 2019 following the backlash to her tweets. It also recounts other significant events from her life, including how she realized…

Penelope Lively: …memoir of Lively’s Egyptian childhood, Making It Up (2005) has been termed an “anti-memoir”: it is a series of narratives drawn from her own life that Lively rewrote so as to explore the manner in which her life might have differed had she made—or had forced on her—other choices. Life…

Arthur Hiller: Later films: In 1982 Hiller directed Making Love, a timid drama about a married doctor who discovers that he is homosexual. A string of forgettable comedies followed, including Author! Author! (1982), which starred Al Pacino as an overwhelmed playwright, and The Lonely Guy (1984), with Steve Martin and a scene-stealing Charles…

Laurie Metcalf: …Seeking Susan (1985) and in Making Mr. Right (1987), which starred fellow Steppenwolf member John Malkovich. In 1988 she was cast in the role for which she was perhaps most widely known, that of Roseanne’s slightly neurotic and underachieving sister Jackie in the sitcom Roseanne (1988–97). Metcalf won three Emmy…

David Halberstam: involvement there, The Making of a Quagmire (1965) reflected a growing disillusionment with the war, and its title became a byword for intractable military operations. Halberstam’s examination of power resulted in three volumes that were viewed loosely as a trilogy: The Best and the Brightest (1972) chronicled…

The Making of Americans, novel by Gertrude Stein, completed in 1911 and considered to be one of Stein’s major works. The novel was not published in book form until 1925 because of its lengthiness and experimental style. The Making of Americans lacks plot, dialogue, and action. Subtitled Being a

Tom Hanks: …Type (2017) and the novel The Making of Another Major Motion Picture Masterpiece (2023), about the filming of a superhero movie.

Alice Stopford Green: In The Making of Ireland and its Undoing (1908), she contradicted the widespread English belief that Ireland had no civilization apart from what had been borrowed from other countries, particularly England. A supporter of the Treaty of December 1921 which gave Ireland independence, and by then…

Nigel Dennis: The Making of Moo, a satirical play on the psychological power of religious fervor, was performed in 1957 and was published, together with the stage version of Cards of Identity, as Two Plays and a Preface (1958). His knowledge of journalism sharpened the satire of…

E.P. Thompson: …particularly his most famous book, The Making of the English Working Class.

John Herman Randall, Jr.: (1924), revised and reissued as The Making of the Modern Mind (1926), Randall reconstructed the times and conditions, as well as the historical experience and traditions, that gave rise to certain philosophical systems. His Career of Philosophy in Modern Times, 2 vol. (1962–65), is an analysis of the historical context…

Theodore H. White: …the American scene in The Making of the President, 1960 (1961) and The Making of the President, 1964 (1965). Accepted as standard histories of presidential campaigns, these books present their subjects by intelligently juxtaposing events and treating politicians as personalities rather than as symbols.

Theodore H. White: …President, 1960 (1961) and The Making of the President, 1964 (1965). Accepted as standard histories of presidential campaigns, these books present their subjects by intelligently juxtaposing events and treating politicians as personalities rather than as symbols.

Aleksandar Hemon: The Making of Zombie Wars (2015) chronicles the quotidian difficulties of a workaday writer attempting to finish a screenplay about a zombie invasion.

If you’re like me, you may hesitate to sign up for subscription services because they’re easy to lose track of. Some you pay monthly, while others renew quarterly or annually. Then, before you know it, you’re paying for something you no longer need or want. It usually starts with a good reason.

The Makioka Sisters, novel by Tanizaki Jun’ichirō, originally published as Sasameyuki (“A Light Snowfall”). The work is often considered to be Tanizaki’s masterpiece. Serialization of the novel began in 1943 but was suspended by the military government; publication of the complete work was delayed

San Cristobal, island in the country of Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 40 miles (64 km) southeast of Guadalcanal. The island is about 80 miles (130 km) long with a maximum width of 25 miles (40 km) and an area of about 1,230 square miles (3,190 square km). It is fairly rugged, with a

Native American religions: Calendrical practices: Notably, the Makiritare of the Orinoco River region in Venezuela tell how the stars, led by Wlaha, were forced to ascend on high when Kuamachi, the evening star, sought to avenge the death of his mother. Kuamachi and his grandfather induced Wlaha and the other stars to…

Islamic arts: Islamic art under European influence and contemporary trends: …the Iraqis Rifat Chaderji and Mohamed Makiya, the Jordanian Rasem Badran, and the Bangladeshi Mazharul Islam. A unique message was transmitted by the visionary Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, who, in eloquent and prophetic terms, urged that the traditional forms and techniques of vernacular architecture be studied and adapted to contemporary…

Makiyivka, city, eastern Ukraine. The city was founded as Dmitriyevsk (Dmytriyivsk) in 1899 with the establishment of a metallurgical works; the nearby small village of Makiyivka was later absorbed into the city. Dmitriyevsk subsequently developed as one of the largest coal-mining and industrial

Mecca, city, western Saudi Arabia, located in the Ṣirāt Mountains, inland from the Red Sea coast. It is the holiest of Muslim cities. Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born in Mecca, and it is toward this religious center that Muslims turn five times daily in prayer (see qiblah). All devout and

Abrāj al-Bayt, multitowered skyscraper complex adjacent to the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Completed in 2012, it is the world’s fourth tallest building (as of 2024). The central clock tower (including its spire) rises to a height of 1,972 feet (601 meters). The Abrāj al-Bayt complex has

akriyāvāda: …Pūraṇa Kāśyapa, a radical antinomian; Gośāla Maskarīputra, a fatalist; Ajita Keśakambalin, the earliest-known materialist in India; and Pakudha Kātyāyana, an atomist. Gośāla’s followers formed the Ājīvika sect, which enjoyed some acceptance during the Maurya period (3rd century bc) and then dwindled.

al-Ḥallāj: …at-Tustarī, ʿAmr ibn ʿUthmān al-Makkī, and Abū al-Qāsim al-Junayd, were highly respected among the masters of Ṣūfism. Studying first under Sahl at-Tustarī, who lived a quiet and solitary life in the city of Tustar in Khuzistan, al-Ḥallāj later became a disciple of al-Markkī of Basra. During this period he…

surah: …qualifies each surah as either Makkiyyah (“of Mecca”) or Madaniyyah (“of Medina”). According to some Muslim scholars, these labels indicate whether the surah was revealed to Muhammad while he was preaching in one or the other of those cities. In some cases an intermixture of verses is similarly designated; modern…

Vasily Alekseyevich Maklakov was a liberal Russian political figure and a leading advocate of a constitutional Russian state. Maklakov was the son of a Moscow professor. He was impressed by French political life during a visit to Paris in 1889 and spent most of his career attempting to establish a

Chagatai literature: For example, the Kokandian princess Mahlarayim (Māhilar), writing in the 19th century, created a Chagatai divan under the makhlaṣ (or takhalluṣ; pen name) Nādira and a Persian divan under the name Maknüna; she also used the name Kāmila in her Chagatai works. In her Persian divan she included mukhammas (imitative…

mako shark, (genus Isurus), either of two species of swift, active, potentially dangerous sharks of the mackerel shark family, Lamnidae. The shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) is found in all tropical and temperate seas, and the longfin mako (I. paucus) is scattered worldwide in tropical seas. Mako

Don Budge: …also the men’s doubles (with Gene Mako) and the mixed doubles (with Alice Marble). In the U.S. tournament at Forest Hills, New York, he won four titles: two singles (1937–38) and two men’s doubles (1936 and 1938, with Mako). For his feats in 1937 he became the first tennis player…

Makokou, town, northeastern Gabon, on the Ivindo River where it receives the Liboumba and Mounianghi rivers. Pygmies live in the surrounding forest. The town lies in the heart of a major lumbering region, and, although it is rather isolated from the rest of the country, transportation is improving:

Makokou, town, northeastern Gabon, on the Ivindo River where it receives the Liboumba and Mounianghi rivers. Pygmies live in the surrounding forest. The town lies in the heart of a major lumbering region, and, although it is rather isolated from the rest of the country, transportation is improving:

David Livingstone: Opening the interior: …in the midst of the Makololo peoples whom he considered eminently suitable for missionary work, Livingstone set out northwestward with little equipment and only a small party of Africans. His intention was to find a route to the Atlantic coast that would permit legitimate commerce to undercut the slave trade…

Makonde, Bantu-speaking people living in northeastern Mozambique and southeastern Tanzania. Their economy rests primarily on swidden (slash-and-burn) agriculture, supplemented by hunting; corn (maize), sorghum, and cassava are the major crops. Many Makonde have migrated to other parts of the East

Robert Mugabe: 2008 elections and aftermath: …finance minister and ZANU-PF stalwart Simba Makoni announced that he was running against Mugabe for the presidency, and the MDC, with Tsvangirai as its presidential candidate, saw its popularity increase throughout the country, even in areas that were typically ZANU-PF strongholds. Presidential, parliamentary, and local elections were held on March…

Haile Selassie I was the emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974 who sought to modernize his country and who steered it into the mainstream of post-World War II African politics. He brought Ethiopia into the League of Nations and the United Nations and made Addis Ababa the major centre for the

Shintō: Concept of the sacred: …truthful way or will (makoto) of kami. The nature of kami cannot be fully explained in words, because kami transcends the cognitive faculty of humans. Devoted followers, however, are able to understand kami through faith and usually recognize various kami in polytheistic form.

Japan: Commerce, cities, and culture: …Bashō proclaimed what he called makoto no (“true”) haiku, seeking the spirit of this poetic form in sincerity and truthfulness. He also introduced a new beauty to haiku by using simple words. Bashō essentially grafted the aristocratic conceptions of medieval poetry onto the more mundane feelings of Tokugawa urban culture,…

Shintō: Precepts of truthfulness and purification: …kokoro (“heart of truth”), or magokoro (“true heart”), which is usually translated as “sincerity, pure heart, uprightness.” This attitude follows from the revelation of the truthfulness of kami in humans. It is, generally, the sincere attitude of people in doing their best in the work they have chosen or in…

Russia: The 19th century: …socially oriented genre paintings of Vladimir Makovsky, Vasily Perov, and Repin arguably deserve an international reputation.

Makran, coastal region of Baluchistan in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan, constituting the Makran Coast, a 600-mi (1,000-km) stretch along the Gulf of Oman from Raʾs (cape) al-Kūh, Iran (west of Jask), to Lasbela District, Pakistan (near Karāchi). The name is applied to a former

Makrān, division of Balochistān province, Pakistan. Administratively it comprises Turbat, Gwādar, and Panjgūr districts and has an area of 23,460 sq mi (60,761 sq km). It is bounded by the Siāhān range (north), which separates it from Khārān district, by Kalāt and Las Bela districts (east), the

Karachi: People of Karachi: …Black African ancestry, called “Makranis” and “Sheedis,” whose ancestors were taken from Africa to Karachi in the Indian slave trade.

Pakistan: Linguistic composition: …important dialect of Balochi, called Makrani or Southern Balochi, is spoken in Makran, the southern region of Balochistan, which borders Iran.

Makri rug, floor covering handwoven in or near the coastal village of Fethiye, southwest Turkey. These are rare, comparatively small rugs with rather simple, bold designs and rich, vibrant colours. Most show one, two, or three longitudinal panels, which may have different ground colours. Each panel

Hugo Winckler: …cooperation with the Turkish archaeologist Theodore Makridi Bey until 1912, revealing the remains of a city whose temples, palaces, fortifications, and gateways left little doubt that this was the site of a mighty capital. From his findings, Winckler was able to draw a preliminary outline of the history of the…

lime: Types: …fruit and leaves of the Thai lime, or makrut lime (C. hystrix), add distinctive flavour to the cuisines of Southeast Asia and are sometimes used in perfumery. Sweet lime (C. limetta), less tart than the Persian lime, is commonly cultivated in the Mediterranean region. The mandarin lime, also known as…

maktab, (Arabic: “school”), Muslim elementary school. Until the 20th century, boys were instructed in Qurʾān recitation, reading, writing, and grammar in maktabs, which were the only means of mass education. The teacher was not always highly qualified and had other religious duties, and the

Maktoum dynasty, ruling family of the emirate of Dubai of the United Arab Emirates. Part of the Āl Bū Falāsah, a constituent tribe of the Banū Yās confederation, the family was one of many to leave Abu Dhabi in 1833 to escape feuding within its ruling Nahyan family. The emigrants settled in Bur